Arsenic-induced differential inflammatory responses in mouse thymus involves NF-κB/STAT-3 disruption, Treg bias and autophagy activation

Abstract

AimArsenic contamination in drinking water is a world-wide public health concern. Sustained arsenic ingestion leads to immune alterations and subsequent development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases; however, the underlying cellular and molecular intricacies of immunotoxicity remains uncharacterized. We aim to understand how exposure to arsenic at different concentrations affects the immune system differentially and whether arsenic-induced differential inflammation dictates altered T-regulatory cell bias and emphasize the role of autophagy in the pathway. Main methodsSwiss albino mice were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic in drinking water for 28 days. Examination of thymic cyto-architecture was done to evaluate thymic damage. ELISA was performed for key cytokines. Flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunostaining were performed for cell surface and intracellular proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation and transfection with siRNA were performed to examine the direct physical interactions between proteins. Key findingsOur study distinctly demonstrates that arsenic-induced oxidative stress instigates NF-κB activation, which not only provokes pro-inflammatory responses, but also exhibits immune-suppressive activity depending on the dose of arsenic. Co-immunoprecipitation of NF-κBp65 and pSTAT-3 reveals that arsenic alters their physical interaction, thereby suppressing IL-6/STAT-3/IL-17A feedback loop. Flow cytometry and silencing studies demonstrate that NF-κB-driven Treg cell differentiation induces immune-suppression through FoxP3 up-regulation at the highest dose of arsenic and such immune-suppression is actively supported by NF-κB-driven autophagy activation. SignificanceCollectively, our findings reveal that exposure to arsenic differentially impacts the immune system and understanding the molecular cascade might provide direction for prevention/treatment of arsenic-induced inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.