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Abstract
Arsenic (As) pollution, which is on the increase around the world, poses a growing threat to the environment. Phytoremediation, an important green technology, uses different strategies, including As uptake, transport, translocation, and detoxification, to remediate this metalloid. Arsenic hyperaccumulator plants have developed various strategies to accumulate and tolerate high concentrations of As. In these plants, the formation of AsIII complexes with GSH and phytochelatins and their transport into root and shoot vacuoles constitute important mechanisms for coping with As stress. The oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is one of the principal toxic effects of As; moreover, the strong antioxidative defenses in hyperaccumulator plants could constitute an important As detoxification strategy. On the other hand, nitric oxide activates antioxidant enzyme and phytochelatins biosynthesis which enhances As stress tolerance in plants. Although several studies have focused on transcription, metabolomics, and proteomic changes in plants induced by As, the mechanisms involved in As transport, translocation, and detoxification in hyperaccumulator plants need to be studied in greater depth. This review updates recent progress made in the study of As uptake, translocation, chelation, and detoxification in As hyperaccumulator plants.
Highlights
The metalloid arsenic (As), a ubiquitous contaminant widely found in organisms and the environment, has had severe, chronic and epidemic effects on human, plant, and animal health in South-East Asia (Clemens and Ma, 2016)
This review updates the progress made in the study of the mechanisms involved in As transport, translocation and detoxification, as well as the role played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in As detoxification in As hyperaccumulator plants
The hypertoleration and accumulation of larger amounts of above-ground As in I. cappadocica were achieved by PC complexation (>50%) which is regarded as a constitutive tolerance mechanism (Karimi et al, 2009). These findings suggest that PCs play a crucial role in As detoxification; do not contribute significantly to As tolerance in certain hypertolerants (H. lanatus and Silene paradoxa) and hyperaccumulators (P. vittata and P. cretica) plant species (Raab et al, 2007; Arnetoli et al, 2008)
Summary
The metalloid arsenic (As), a ubiquitous contaminant widely found in organisms and the environment, has had severe, chronic and epidemic effects on human, plant, and animal health in South-East Asia (Clemens and Ma, 2016). This review updates the progress made in the study of the mechanisms involved in As transport, translocation and detoxification, as well as the role played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in As detoxification in As hyperaccumulator plants.
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