Abstract
In this study, the content of As, Cd and Hg in fruiting bodies was determined. These three elements were determined in 94 Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer samples (separately for caps and stems) and their corresponding soils/substrates collected from 8 different localities in Slovakia. Arsenic and cadmium were analyzed by Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (OES-ICP), and mercury by Advanced Mercury Analyzer (AMA-254). In the soil/substrate As content varied from ND (not detected) to 11.9, Cd from 0.66 to 22.9 and Hg from 0.02 to 0.28 mg kg-1 DW (dry weight), respectively. In fruiting body stems arsenic content varied from ND to 4.77, cadmium from ND to 5.96 and mercury from 0.03 to 2.83 mg kg-1 DW. In the caps, As content varied from ND to 13.0, Cd from ND to 19.8 and Hg from 0.04 to 4.00 mg kg-1 DW. After comparing obtained results with the EU limits, for As in mushrooms 6.6% (cap) of analyzed samples exceeded the limit value, while for Cd, 4.7% (cap), 2.0% (stem) of analyzed samples exceeded the limit value. Regarding the background values in the soils/substrates of selected elements in Slovakia only Cd exceeded the limits (though almost 82% of samples). Regarding Hg content, all analyzed samples (fruiting bodies and soils/substrates) did not exceed the limit value. The selected monitored localities in Slovakia have been contaminated with trace elements. Some of the analyzed mushroom samples exceeded EU limits, and as such, they can pose a risk to human health.
Highlights
Fungi are a very important part of ecosystems (Nnorom et al, 2020)
Mining and other industrial activities contaminate the environment with toxic hazardous elements such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and mercury
The accumulation of elements in mushrooms is affected by fungal and environmental factors (Nnorom et al, 2020)
Summary
Fungi are a very important part of ecosystems (Nnorom et al, 2020) They are a highly biodiverse group of organisms and play various roles in nature, the economy, environmental and food science, health, and are involved in soil mineral weathering, organic substrate decomposition and elemental recycling. It is known that M. procera is a good source of minerals, (especially K, Mg and Se), as well as carbohydrates, proteins, and dietary fibers This species is an accumulator of toxic elements such as Cd, Hg and Pb (Đurđić et al, 2020). The accumulation of elements in mushrooms is affected by fungal (mushroom species, morphological part of the fruiting body, development stages, age of mycelium, and biochemical compositions) and environmental factors (e.g. presence of organic matter, pH, metal concentrations in substrates) (Nnorom et al, 2020). This review report As, Cd and Hg concentrations in Statistical analysis soil/substrate and M. procera from 8 different localities in Slovakia
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