Abstract
Caffeine, a natural stimulant, is known to be effective for weight loss. On this basis, we screened the arousal-inducing effect of five dietary supplements with a weight loss effect (Garcinia cambogia, Coleus forskohlii, Camellia sinensis L., Irvingia gabonensis, and Malus pumila M.), of which the G. cambogia peel extract (GC) showed a significant arousal-inducing effect in the pentobarbital-induced sleep test in mice. This characteristic of GC was further evaluated by analysis of electroencephalogram and electromyogram in C57L/6N mice, and it was compared to that of the positive control, caffeine. Administration of GC (1500 mg/kg) significantly increased wakefulness and decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep, similar to that of caffeine (25 mg/kg), with GC and caffeine showing a significant increase in wakefulness at 2 and 6 h, respectively. Compared to that of caffeine, the shorter duration of efficacy of GC could be advantageous because of the lower possibility of sleep disturbance. Furthermore, the arousal-inducing effects of GC (1500 mg/kg) and caffeine (25 mg/kg) persisted throughout the chronic (3 weeks) administration study. This study, for the first time, revealed the arousal-inducing effect of GC. Our findings suggest that GC might be a promising natural stimulant with no side effects. In addition, it is preferential to take GC as a dietary supplement for weight loss during the daytime to avoid sleep disturbances owing to its arousal-inducing effect.
Highlights
Arousal refers to the physiological and psychological state of being awoken from sleep or sense organs stimulated to a point of perception [1,2]
Oily fish is known to be a dietary source of serotonin and vitamin D, which are involved in better sleep [10,11], while lower intake of vegetables and higher intake of soft drinks and fast food are associated with poor sleep quality [12]
G. cambogia peel extract (GC) was manufactured by INDFRAG Ltd. (Bangalore, India); the product name is Garcinia Cambogia Extract PE-60
Summary
Arousal refers to the physiological and psychological state of being awoken from sleep or sense organs stimulated to a point of perception [1,2]. It is promoted by a number of neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, orexins, dopamine, and glutamate, throughout the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain [3,4]. There is growing evidence that dietary factors have a relation to sleep duration and sleep quality. Caffeinated coffee or tea increases sleep latency and decreases sleep duration [14]
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