Abstract
Fragrant and antimicrobial properties were conferred to cotton fabrics following microencapsulation using green materials. Limonene and vanillin microcapsules were produced by complex coacervation using chitosan/gum Arabic as shell materials and tannic acid as hardening agent. The effect of two emulsifiers; Span 85 and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), on the encapsulation efficiency (EE%), microcapsule’s size and morphology, and cumulative release profiles was studied. The mean diameter of the produced microcapsules ranged between 10.4 and 39.0 μm, whereas EE% was found to be between 90.4% and 100%. The use of Span 85 resulted in mononuclear morphology while PGPR gave rise to polynuclear structures, regardless of the core material (vanillin or limonene). The obtained microcapsules demonstrated a sustained release pattern; namely the total cumulative release of the active agents after 7 days at 37 ± 1 °C was 75%, 52% and 19.4% for the polynuclear limonene microcapsules, the mononuclear limonene microca...
Highlights
The increase in the market competitiveness along with the diversity of consumers’ demands has created a challenging environment in the textile industry sector
Some articles in the literature reported microencapsulation processes by complex coacervation where low hydrophilic−lipophilic balance (HLB) value emulsifiers have been used (e.g., Span 83),[40] this strategy being followed in this work where polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) (HLB of 2−4) and Span 85 (HLB of 1.8)[46] have been chosen
The production of limonene and vanillin microcapsules was accomplished by means of the complex coacervation using gum Arabic and chitosan as shell materials and tannic acid as a green hardening agent
Summary
The increase in the market competitiveness along with the diversity of consumers’ demands has created a challenging environment in the textile industry sector. Complex coacervation is considered as one of the most suitable methods to encapsulate fragrances and flavors; it reduces or prevents the loss of the volatile compounds since it does not require high processing temperatures.[22] It is a phase separation process that depends on the complexation between oppositely charged polymers via electrostatic attractions, formation of hydrogen bonds, or hydrophobic interactions.[23] To increase microcapsules’ integrity, a hardening agent is usually added in the last step of the coacervation process to consolidate the formed shells and stabilize their structure.[24] Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are widely used, but since they are reported to be toxic, they became banned in some countries.[25] the use of safe and eco-friendly alternatives has gained significant importance to substitute these conventional cross-linking agents This is the case of tannic acid, a natural plant polyphenol, which has the ability to bind to polymers through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.[26−28]. A strategy to achieve the immobilization of the produced limonene and vanillin microcapsules on cotton fabrics by using citric acid, an ecofriendly cross-linker, was developed, and the antibacterial activity of the microcapsules alone and impregnated onto the fabric was evaluated
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