Abstract
Armed drone is a military technology that is being used not only for surveillance but also in combat operations. In some military operations the distinctive technological features of drones offer an advantage compared to manned aircraft. Most of the military operations which are conducted by drones fall under Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II). The use of military drones in non-international armed conflicts causes many legal problems in the international humanitarian law, concerning the protection of civilians. Nevertheless, armed drones are legal under international humanitarian law. The most relevant principles of international humanitarian law concerning the use of armed drones are distinction and proportionality. These principles can be fulfilled more effectively by drone operators because of the advanced technology of drones. However, the use of armed drones in real life operations usually violate the international humanitarian law and its core principles. Thus, existing regulation cannot protect the lives of civilians. Additional regulation of armed drones at the UN level could create international legal mechanism which would protect the civilians. However, the current political situation, as well as the difficult decision-making procedures at the UN institutions, suggest that future legal regulation is not likely to be enacted anytime soon.
Highlights
In some military operations the distinctive technological features of drones offer an advantage compared to manned aircraft
Most of the military operations which are conducted by drones fall under
armed drones are legal under international humanitarian law
Summary
Kariniai dronai yra autonomiškai arba nuotoliniu būdu valdomi kariniai orlaiviai, apginkluoti ne tik kovine ginkluote, bet ir pažangia stebėjimo bei telekomunikacijų įranga[2]. Vis tik netarptautinių ginkluotų konfliktų situacijose dronų naudojimas yra gerokai aktualesnis: JAV ir JK dronus naudojo prieš Al Qaeda Afganistane, taip pat JAV dronais atakavo teroristines grupuotes Pakistane, Somalyje ir Jemene[7]. 70 paprotinė tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės taisyklė nustato, jog kariavimo priemonės ir metodai, kurie gali padaryti nereikalingos žalos ir sukelti nereikalingų kančių, yra draudžiami[14]. Visgi tai ne vienintelė dronų ataka netarptautinio ginkluoto konflikto metu, kurios padariniai civiliams buvo itin tragiški. Nors ir kariniai dronai yra teisėtas ginklas, tačiau dronų atakų statistika atskleidžia, jog dronų naudojimas kelia realų pavojų civiliams netarptautinio ginkluoto konflikto metu. Tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės principai nustato aiškius ribojimus pasirinkti kariavimo būdus ir priemones turint tikslą, kad, pirmiausia, ginkluoto konflikto metu karinės naudos būtų siekiama, nesukeliant per daug neigiamų padarinių – žalos ir kančių – žmonėms, dalyvaujantiems ginkluotame konflikte. Ar kariniai dronai gali įgyvendinti atskyrimo ir proporcingumo principų reikalavimus?
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