ArHateDetector: detection of hate speech from standard and dialectal Arabic Tweets

Abstract

Hate speech has become a phenomenon on social media platforms, such as Twitter. These websites and apps that were initially designed to facilitate our expression of free speech, are sometimes being used to spread hate towards each other. In the Arab region, Twitter is a very popular social media platform and thus the number of tweets that contain hate speech is increasing rapidly. Many tweets are written either in standard, dialectal Arabic, or mix. Existing work on Arabic hate speech are targeted towards either standard or single dialectal text, but not both. To fight hate speech more efficiently, in this paper, we conducted extensive experiments to investigate Arabic hate speech in tweets. Therefore, we propose a framework, called arHateDetector, that detects hate speech in the Arabic text of tweets. The proposed arHateDetector supports both standard and several dialectal Arabic. A large Arabic hate speech dataset, called arHateDataset, was compiled from several Arabic standard and dialectal tweets. The tweets are preprocessed to remove the unwanted content. We investigated the use of recent machine learning and deep learning models such as AraBERT to detect hate speech. All classification models used in the investigation are trained with the compiled dataset. Our experiments shows that AraBERT outperformed the other models producing the best performance across seven different datasets including the compiled arHateDataset with an accuracy of 93%. CNN and LinearSVC produced 88% and 89% respectively.