Abstract
Nearly all classification systems recognize clay-enriched subsoils at a high hierarchical level. Some of the most productive soils in the World for food and fiber production have clay-enriched horizons. Clay-enriched horizons are important for the nutrient status of soils, water retention, and geomorphic stability (Hopkins and Franzen 2003). In Soil Taxonomy (ST) (Soil Survey Staff 2010), Alfisols and Ultisols are defined on the basis of clay-enriched horizons, and many Aridisols and Mollisols have clay-enriched subsoils. Argillic and related horizons have been particularly important in soil stratigraphy, relative dating, pedodiversity studies, and climate-change research (Franzmeier et al. 1985; Eghbal and Southard 1993; Othberg et al. 1997; Kemp et al. 1998; Karlstrom 2000; Holliday and Rawling 2006; Karlstrom et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2010).
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