Areal pressure in grammatical evolution

Morpho-syntactic patterns device encompasses a subcategory of the cohesive devices that assists hearers to have an adequate mental representation for understanding speech. This article investigates the morpho-syntactic patterns employed in some Persian live sport radio and TV programs adapting Dooley and Levinsohn’s theoretical and analytical framework. The research data includes around 30,000 words extracted from 20 live sport radio and TV recorded programs. The morpho-syntactic patterns functionality is presented via comparing their frequency using descriptive statistics. The t-test is run to evaluate whether the differences in the utilization of morpho-syntactic patterns used in live radio and TV talks is significant or not. The results show that such patterns in Persian can be studied in the same way as Dooley and Levinsohn’s perspective, among which consistency of inflectional categories receives the most frequency while echoic utterances do the least. The consistency of inflectional categories catches a meaningful difference between its applications in the research data. Furthermore, there are not significant differences between the application of echoic utterances and discourse-pragmatic structuring in the corpora. Finally, morpho-syntactic patterns device, generally speaking, is reported as not having any significant relation in its applications in Persian live radio and TV talks under study.

We consider a spatial generalization of evolutionary game theory in which strategies are distributed over a spatial array of sites. We assume that the strategy corresponding to a given site has local interactions with the strategies sitting on neighbouring sites, and that the strategies change if neighbouring strategies are doing better. After briefly setting the stage with a formal definition of spatial evolutionary game theory, we consider the spatial extension of the Hawk-Dove game, and we show that the results are qualitatively different from those obtained from classical evolutionary game theory. For example, the proportion of Hawks in the population is in general lower in the spatial game than in the classical one. We also consider spatial generalizations of the extensions of the Hawk-Dove game obtained by including strategies such as Retaliator and Bully. Here, too, the results from the spatial game are very different from the classical results. In particular, with space Retaliator is a much more successful strategy than one would expect from classical considerations. This suggests that, in general, spatial structure may facilitate the evolution of strategies such as Retaliator, which do not necessarily prosper classically, and which are reminiscent of the \`nice', \`provokable' and `forgiving' strategies which seem to play a central role in the evolution of cooperation. The results indicate that including spatial structure in evolutionary game theory is a fruitful extension.

In this work, we examine the capabilities of two forms of mappings by means of Grammatical Evolution (GE) to successfully generate controllers by combining high-level functions in a dynamic environment. In this work we adopted the Ms. Pac-Man game as a benchmark test bed. We show that the standard GE mapping and Position Independent GE (πGE) mapping achieve similar performance in terms of maximising the score. We also show that the controllers produced by both approaches have an overall better performance in terms of maximising the score compared to a hand-coded agent. There are, however, significant differences in the controllers produced by these two approaches: standard GE produces more controllers with invalid code, whereas the opposite is seen with πGE.

This work proposes an extension to Structured Grammatical Evolution (SGE)\ncalled Co-evolutionary Probabilistic Structured Grammatical Evolution\n(Co-PSGE). In Co-PSGE each individual in the population is composed by a\ngrammar and a genotype, which is a list of dynamic lists, each corresponding to\na non-terminal of the grammar containing real numbers that correspond to the\nprobability of choosing a derivation rule. Each individual uses its own grammar\nto map the genotype into a program. During the evolutionary process, both the\ngrammar and the genotype are subject to variation operators. The performance of\nthe proposed approach is compared to 3 different methods, namely, Grammatical\nEvolution (GE), Probabilistic Grammatical Evolution (PGE), and SGE on four\ndifferent benchmark problems. The results show the effectiveness of the\napproach since Co-PSGE is able to outperform all the methods with statistically\nsignificant differences in the majority of the problems.\n

BackgroundIt is often assumed that evolution takes place on very large timescales. Countering this assumption, rapid evolutionary dynamics are increasingly documented in biological systems, e.g. in the context of predator–prey interactions, species coexistence and invasion. It has also been shown that rapid evolution can facilitate the evolution of cooperation. In this context often evolutionary dynamics influence population dynamics, but in spatial models rapid evolutionary dynamics also emerge with constant population sizes. Currently it is not clear how well these spatial models apply to species in which individuals are not embedded in fixed spatial structures. To address this issue we employ an agent-based model of group living individuals. We investigate how positive assortment between cooperators and defectors and pay-off differences between cooperators and defectors depend on the occurrence of evolutionary dynamics.ResultsWe find that positive assortment and pay-off differences between cooperators and defectors differ when comparing scenarios with and without selection, which indicates that rapid evolutionary dynamics are occurring in the selection scenarios. Specifically, rapid evolution occurs because changes in positive assortment feed back on evolutionary dynamics, which crucially impacts the evolution of cooperation. At high frequencies of cooperators these feedback dynamics increase positive assortment facilitating the evolution of cooperation. In contrast, at low frequencies of cooperators rapid evolutionary dynamics lead to a decrease in assortment, which acts against the evolution of cooperation. The contrasting dynamics at low and high frequencies of cooperators create positive frequency-dependent selection.ConclusionsRapid evolutionary dynamics can influence the evolution of cooperation in group-living species and lead to positive frequency-dependent selection even if population size and maximum group-size are not affected by evolutionary dynamics. Rapid evolutionary dynamics can emerge in this case because sufficiently strong selective pressures allow evolutionary and demographic dynamics, and consequently also feedback between assortment and evolution, to occur on the same timescale. In particular, emerging positive frequency-dependent selection could be an important explanation for differences in cooperative behaviors among different species with similar population structures such as humans and chimpanzees.

EDITORIAL article Front. Microbiol., 26 September 2014Sec. Terrestrial Microbiology Volume 5 - 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00497

It is a relatively new field that examines how Korean culture affects Korean language use in terms of age difference in a corpus of computer mediated email discourse. The purpose of this descriptive study and experiment is to prove the close relationship between Korean language and culture. This paper shows the descriptive study of Korean culture in relation to language use. Korean culture acknowledges an inherent hierarchy with regard to age, and considers [+age] as relating socially to [+power]. When younger Koreans converse with older ones, they express different morpho-syntactic patterns, which is an age complex. The main task of the experiment was to examine the way through which the age complex is reflected by Korean honorific linguistic system in email discourse. I asked 15 Korean native speakers between the ages of 20 to 25 to write emails expressing an impositive request to [+age (46-50 years old)], [-age (below 25 years old)] and [=age] recipients. The results show significant differences in the use of grammatical features in emails written to [+age] recipients, as compared to emails written to [-age] and [=age] recipients. The implication of the findings is that the cultural values that are attached to age and aging in the Korean society affects Koreans’ language use, which means Korean language and culture are closely intermingled.

P4‐406: Unique brain PK properties of 3D6 and bapineuzumab depend on cerebral amyloid load in PDAPP transgenic mice

Abstract—Disc electrophoresis was used to study the saline‐soluble and detergent‐soluble proteins of various parts of the auditory pathway in the guinea pig brain. The five areas studied were the cochlear nucleus, olivary complex, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate and the auditory cortex. A study was also made of the proteins extracted from subcellular fractions obtained from guinea pig cerebral cortex.The electrophoretic patterns showed small but significant differences in the five areas of the brain, both in the fast‐running acidic proteins and in the very slow‐moving proteins. The higher levels of the auditory pathway, to which the more complex information processing and storage is normally attributed, showed more complex electrophoretic patterns than the lower areas. Gross differences also occurred in the patterns of both the saline‐soluble and T‐X‐100‐soluble proteins of the subcellular fractions obtained by gradient density centrifugation. The simplest patterns were obtained from the myelin‐rich fraction and the mitochondrial fraction whilst the most complex patterns were given by the proteins of the nerve ending fraction and the cell soluble fraction.

The effect of electrode density on the interpretation of atrial activation patterns in epicardial mapping of human persistent atrial fibrillation

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) represents one of the major threats to the global swine industry, with its rapid evolution and antigenic variation posing persistent challenges to disease control. Based on 328 clinical samples collected from PRRSV symptomatic (respiratory disorders, reproductive failures, and high fever) pigs across 27 provinces in China during 2024–2025, this study employed open reading frame (ORF) 5 gene sequencing, complete genome sequencing of representative strains from key lineages (including a rapidly spreading NADC30-like Lineage 1.8 strain, a vaccine-related Lineage 8.7 strain, and a genetically distinct Lineage 3 strain), phylogenetic analysis, transmission dynamics analysis, intrahost single nucleotide variant (iSNV) analysis, and recombination detection to systematically reveal the molecular epidemiological characteristics and evolutionary dynamics of type II PRRSV currently circulating in China. The results demonstrated a complex pattern of coexistence among five major lineages of type II PRRSV in China, including Lineage 1.5, Lineage 1.8, Lineage 3, Lineage 5, and Lineage 8.7, with Lineage 1.8 emerging as the predominant circulating strain (48.5% of positive samples), followed by Lineage 1.5 (23.2%), while Lineages 3, 5, and 8.7 showed more restricted geographical distribution. Spatial transmission analysis identified Guangdong and Henan as key transmission nodes, forming “viral exchange centers” connecting northern and southern regions, while Hubei, Shanxi, and Jiangsu have become new viral aggregation sites. Genetic diversity analysis revealed high haplotype diversity (Hd) across all lineages except Lineage 5, with Lineage 5 showing a remarkable 106.6% increase in nucleotide diversity within 1 year, indicating rapid adaptive evolution. Tajima's D test results revealed negative values for most lineages, with Lineage 5 and 8.7 reaching statistical significance, suggesting these viral populations have undergone recent population expansion or directional selection. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis based on genetic distance revealed a potential antigenic divergence between the predominant circulating lineages (1.8 and 3) and current vaccine strains, which may compromise vaccine efficacy. In-depth analysis of three representative genomes revealed complex recombination patterns involving vaccine-related strains and identified the ORF2-ORF3 region as a potential recombination hotspot. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of type II PRRSV in China and offer important references for formulating targeted control strategies and optimizing vaccine design, which has significant value for ensuring the healthy development of China's swine industry in the post-African swine fever era.

Grammatical Evolution (GE) is one of the most popular Genetic Programming (GP) variants, and it has been used with success in several problem domains. Since the original proposal, many enhancements have been proposed to GE in order to address some of its main issues and improve its performance.In this paper we propose Probabilistic Grammatical Evolution (PGE), which introduces a new genotypic representation and new mapping mechanism for GE. Specifically, we resort to a Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar (PCFG) where its probabilities are adapted during the evolutionary process, taking into account the productions chosen to construct the fittest individual. The genotype is a list of real values, where each value represents the likelihood of selecting a derivation rule. We evaluate the performance of PGE in two regression problems and compare it with GE and Structured Grammatical Evolution (SGE).The results show that PGE has a better performance than GE, with statistically significant differences, and achieved similar performance when comparing with SGE.KeywordsGenetic ProgrammingGrammatical EvolutionProbabilistic Context-Free GrammarProbabilistic Grammatical EvolutionGenotype-to-Phenotype Mapping

Introduction: Trauma resuscitation teams are responsible for diagnosing and treating all life threatening injuries as quickly as possible. This time-sensitive resuscitation is a complex, highly unpredictable event that requires the formation of an ad hoc multi-disciplinary team that must accomplish numerous and interrelated tasks. Other domains also struggle with complex, highly unpredictable events. Research in one particular domain (nuclear power plant emergency response) has discovered that there is a characteristic coordination pattern that can distinguish high-performing emergency response teams from low-performing emergency response teams. No research has addressed what teamwork patterns characterize high-performing trauma resuscitation teams. Methods: We analyzed video recordings of 48 simulated trauma resuscitations in which teams were presented with two potentially life-threatening injuries that needed to be identified and managed. Twelve teams evaluated each of four different clinical scenarios. All teams were composed of 6 participant roles (charge nurse, surgical resident, trauma lead physician, bedside nurse left, anesthesiologist and medication nurse) and 2 confederates (bedside nurse right and respiratory therapist). The incidence of team behaviors previously identified in crew resource management (direct commands, closed loop communication) and commonly thought to be important for optimal team performance were identified in each 10 second interval of the videos. Teams were clustered into high or low performance based on time-to-intervention. A pattern recognition algorithm identified stable patterns of interaction in 41 of the 47 teams; six teams exhibited no stable interaction patterns. T-tests (df=39) were used to identify statistically significant differences. Results: Similar to research on high-performing nuclear power teams during simulated crisis events, the simulations of high-performing trauma teams were characterized by significantly shorter (p=.021) and less complex (p=.02) patterns of interaction with fewer actors (p=.015) as compared to the simulations of low-performing teams. Overall, the simulations of lower-performing teams contained more unique patterns (p=.053) and pattern occurrences (p=.056) as compared to the simulations of high-performing teams. Across all patterns of interaction in the simulations, the occurrence of direct commands did not differ statistically (p=.736) between low- and high-performing teams. Conclusions: In this pilot study, high-performing trauma teams exhibited short, simple patterns of behavior. Low-performing teams had lengthy, complex patterns but this was not statistically significant. The patterns of the high-performing trauma resuscitation teams are similar to those patterns seen in another high risk domain (nuclear power). Human behavior exhibited in acute medical crises may have similarities to those exhibited in other acute crisis events and understanding those behaviors may be critical to improving medical resuscitations. Direct commands are commonly believed to be essential in teamwork and coordination but, in this study, their occurrence did not correlate with performance. This may have implications for how we currently think about leadership and teamwork training.

Selection-driven tumor evolution with public goods leads to patterns of clonal expansion consistent with neutral growth.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the phenotypic characteristics of persons prone to crimes against human life (murder), since there are currently no scientific works that would reflect the relationship of phenotypic manifestations in persons prone to illegal actions of varying degrees of severity, in particular, dermatoglyphic signs of all phalanges fingers and palms. In the course of the study, statistically significant differences were established between the dermatoglyphics of the persons who committed the murder and the dermatoglyphics of the persons of the control group. The aim To determine the complex of dermatoglyphic parameters of fingers that make up the dermatoglyphic constitution of persons who committed murder. Materials and methods of the study. 2 groups of people were studied: 1 group – corpses of people who committed murder (50 people); Group 2 - individuals of the control group (50 people), Research methods: dermatoglyphic, statistical analysis. Results of the study. The dermatoglyphic characteristics of persons who committed murder have their own characteristics. The analysis of the dermatoglyphs of the fingers of the hands of persons who committed murder, in comparison with the control group, showed that on the fingers of the left hand radial loops (59.20%) and curls (26.80%) are most often found, arcs are less common (6.00%) ), complex patterns (4.40%) and ulnar loops (3.60%), a similar pattern is observed on the fingers of the right hand - radial loops (54.40%), curls (31.20%), arcs (5, 40%), complex patterns (5.00%) and ulnar loops (4.00%).With regard to the distribution of patterns on different fingers of the same person, it can be noted that the murderers had radial loops on the first fingers of the left and right hands most often - 64.00% and 44.00%, respectively, less often curls (24.00% and 42.00 %, respectively) and complex patterns (12.00% and 14.00%, respectively), ulnar loops and arcs did not occur at all on this finger on both hands; curls were most often found on the II fingers - 32.00% on the left and 34.00% on the right hands, as well as radial loops (30.00% and 22.00%, respectively), less often - ulnar loops (18.00% and 20.00% 00% respectively), arcs (16.00% each); radial loops (66.00% and 60.00% on left and right hands, respectively) and spiral patterns (18.00% and 28.00%, respectively) were most often found on III fingers, ulnar loops were not found on any hand; on the 4th finger of the left hand, radial loops (56.00%) and curl patterns (44.00%) were most often found, while on the right hand, on the contrary, curl patterns (50.00%) and radial loops (46.00%), the arc pattern was not met on this finger; on the V finger, the frequency of such patterns as radial loops (80.00% and 76.00%, respectively) and curls (16.00% and 24.00%) was almost the same on both hands, and ulnar loops did not occur at all.It should be noted that in the group of murderers there was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of the total frequency of patterns on the right and left hands (χ2 = 6.11, p > 0.1), as well as in CG men It should also be noted that there is a statistically significantly greater number of radial loops in killers than in CG men, on the fingers of both hands, with the exception of II (φІ = 3.78; φІІІ = 4.23; φІV = 4.63; φV = 5.30; p < 0.01), complex patterns on the I, II and IV fingers of the left hand (φI = 1.86; φII = 1.69, p < 0.05; φIV = 2.57, p < 0.01), curls on the first finger of the right hand (φІ = 2.37, p < 0.01), as well as a smaller number of ulnar loops on all fingers of both hands except II (φІ = 6.05; φІІІ = 6.73; φІV = 4 .42; φV = 7.39; p < 0.001). Conclusions. In the course of the study, the presence of phenotypic (dermatoglyphic) signs characteristic of persons prone to crimes against human life was established. Keywords: forensic medicine, dermatoglyphics, murder.