Abstract
This study presents a fast Fourier transform (FFT) kernel for multistandard applications, which employ multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM). The proposed design uses a mixed-radix, mixed-multipath delay-feedback (MRM2DF) structure, which enables 4/5/6-stream 64/128-point FFT. This approach allows the effective usage of guard intervals (GI) in conjunction with a novel resource-sharing scheme to improve area efficiency. An area-reduced constant multiplication unit and sorting buffer with minimal memory size further reduced an area overhead. A test chip was designed using UMC 90-nm technology, and was evaluated through post-layout simulation. The proposed design outperformed previous works in terms of the throughput per area.
Highlights
After fixed-point simulation using MATLAB, the signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) was approximately 40 dB by using the proposed FFT kernel. This was implemented in a 1.0-V UMC 90-nm 1P9M complementary metal-oxide semiconductor process, the proposed FFT kernel used the Synopsys Design Compiler to synthesize the RTL code and employed Cadence SOC Encounter for placement and routing
The proposed design exhibited an area efficiency superior to that of previous 128-point-based FFT designs in terms of the throughput per area
Summary
For all MIMO-OFDM communication between users and devices, Figure 2 shows the block diagrFaomr aolfl aMcIoMnvOe-nOtiFoDnMal Mcom× mMuMniIcMatOio-nOFbDetMweternanussmerissiaonndmdoedveicle. sA, Ftriganusrme i2ttsehro(wTXs)thseenbdlsocMk sdtiraegarmams ooff daactoansvyemnbtiolnsatlhMrou×gMh MMIaMnOte-nOnFaDs.MTotrraendsumceissiniotnermsyomdbeol.l Ainterarfnesrmenictteer(I(STIX) )inseOnFdDs M cstormeammusnoicfadtiaotna, saygmubaordlsinthterorvuaglh(GMI) awnatsenanpapsl.iedTotorethdeucseyminbtoerlsybmy bcopl yinintegrfthereenucem(bISerI)oifnsaOmFpDlMes fcroommmausnyimcabtioolne,nadgtuoaardsyinmtebrovlahle(aGdI.) Awarescaepivpelire(dRtXo)tthheensyumsebsoMls bayntceonpnyaisngtothreecneiuvme bsiegrnoafls,awmhpilcehs wfroams oabtsayimnebdolthernodutgohathsyemMbo×lMheMadI.MAOrcehceainvneerl(.RFXig)uthreen ushseoswMs tahnatetnhneaRsXtopraerctecivoentsaiginnsaMls, swethsicohf wraadsioobfrteaqinueednctihersou(RgFh),thaenaMlog×-tMo-dMigIMitaOl ccohnavnenretol.rsFi(gAuDreC2), sfhaostwFsotuhraiet rthtreaRnXsfopramrtsc(oFnFtTasin) sanMdstehtes fooflrloawdiiongfreeqquueanlicziaetsio(RnFa)n, dandaelomgo-tdou-dlaitgiiotnalbclooncvkes.rtFoorrs t(hAeDgCiv),efnasNt FsoaumrpielrestriannasfnorOmFsD(MFFsTys)mabnodl,tahne Mfol×loMwiMngIMeqOu-aOliFzaDtiMonreacnedivdeermreoqduuirlaetsioMn-bstlroecakms. For all MIMO-OFDM communication between users and devices, Figure 2 shows the block diagrFaomr aolfl aMcIoMnvOe-nOtiFoDnMal Mcom× mMuMniIcMatOio-nOFbDetMweternanussmerissiaonndmdoedveicle. SA, Ftriganusrme i2ttsehro(wTXs)thseenbdlsocMk sdtiraegarmams ooff daactoansvyemnbtiolnsatlhMrou×gMh MMIaMnOte-nOnFaDs.MTotrraendsumceissiniotnermsyomdbeol.l Ainterarfnesrmenictteer(I(STIX) )inseOnFdDs M cstormeammusnoicfadtiaotna, saygmubaordlsinthterorvuaglh(GMI) awnatsenanpapsl.iedTotorethdeucseyminbtoerlsybmy bcopl yinintegrfthereenucem(bISerI)oifnsaOmFpDlMes fcroommmausnyimcabtioolne,nadgtuoaardsyinmtebrovlahle(aGdI.) Awarescaepivpelire(dRtXo)tthheensyumsebsoMls bayntceonpnyaisngtothreecneiuvme bsiegrnoafls,awmhpilcehs wfroams oabtsayimnebdolthernodutgohathsyemMbo×lMheMadI.MAOrcehceainvneerl(.RFXig)uthreen ushseoswMs tahnatetnhneaRsXtopraerctecivoentsaiginnsaMls, swethsicohf wraadsioobfrteaqinueednctihersou(RgFh),thaenaMlog×-tMo-dMigIMitaOl ccohnavnenretol.rsFi(gAuDreC2), sfhaostwFsotuhraiet rthtreaRnXsfopramrtsc(oFnFtTasin) sanMdstehtes fooflrloawdiiongfreeqquueanlicziaetsio(RnFa)n, dandaelomgo-tdou-dlaitgiiotnalbclooncvkes.rtFoorrs t(hAeDgCiv),efnasNt FsoaumrpielrestriannasfnorOmFsD(MFFsTys)mabnodl,tahne Mfol×loMwiMngIMeqOu-aOliFzaDtiMonreacnedivdeermreoqduuirlaetsioMn-bstlroecakms. -TOhFeDreMfosrye,staemse.tIonf gMen-setrraela,mtheNm-paoxinimt uFFmTM(IFaFnTd) pNrovcaelusseosrfsoarrsetaenssdeanrtdiaMl cIoMmOp-oOnFeDntMs inFFthTeaMreI8MaOn-dO2F0D48M, rseyssptecmti.vIenlyg[e6n,7e]r,aal,ntdhethmeyaxciamnubme hMigahnedr iNn v5Galuaepspfolircastiaonndsar[d5]M. PFeurarthioenr tchornosuidgherpiungt fothrethFeFrTe/qIFuFirTeddFesFiTg/nIFfFoTr pmruoclteisstaonrsdaredsiMgnIiMficOa-nOt FdDesMignacpopnlciecrantiso.nFsu, rtihmeprlceomnesindteinrigngatnheeFffFeTc/tIiFvFeTsdcehseimgnefotromduelvtiesltoapndathrde mMuIMltiOm-oOdFeDhMardawppalriecactoinonfisg,uirmatpiolenmisenatdinifgfiacunlet fftaesckt.ivIne tshcihsesmtuedtyo, danevFeFlTopkethrneeml duelstimgno,dwehhicahrdcwoualrde bcoenfistgrucratutiroend isasa daiffibcauselt tmasokd.uIlne thfoisr srteucdoyn,faignuFrFaTblekeFrnFeTl/dIFeFsTignp,rwocheiscshorcso,uwldabse pstrroupcotsuerdedians a mbauseltimstoadnudlaerdfoMr rIeMcoOn-fiOgFuDraMblesyFsFtTem/IF.FTThperporcoepssoosresd, wFFasTpkreorpnoeslecdouinlda pmeurflotirsmtan4d/5a/r6d-sMtrIeMamO-6O4F/1D2M8psyositnetmF.
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