Area and distance from mainland affect in different ways richness and phylogenetic diversity of snakes in Atlantic Forest coastal islands.

José Thales Da Motta Portillo,Lucas Batista Crivellari,Ricardo J Sawaya,Thiago Alves Lopes De Oliveira,Lilian Sayuri Ouchi‐Melo,Leandro Da Silva Duarte

doi:10.1002/ece3.5019

Abstract

AimThe Theory of Island Biogeography posits that ecological and evolutionary processes regulate species richness of isolated areas. We assessed the influences of an island area and distance from the mainland on species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic composition of snakes on coastal islands.LocationCoastal islands of the megadiverse Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil.MethodsWe compiled the species composition of 17 coastal islands in southeastern Brazil. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity were calculated for each island. Phylogenetic composition was measured using principal coordinates of phylogenetic structure. We then employed generalized linear models to test the influence of area and distance from the mainland on the diversity metrics.ResultsWe found a prominent influence of area on species richness, whereas phylogenetic diversity was more affected by distance from the mainland. Snake clades were distinctly associated with area and distance. The Boidae family was associated with nearer and larger islands, whereas Elapidae was broadly distributed. Distance from the mainland was associated with the distribution of Dipsadidae, whereas Colubridae was influenced by both the area and distance. The Viperidae family attained higher values of phylogenetic diversity in smaller and more remote islands.Main conclusionsThis island system conserved a considerable piece of snake richness from southeastern Brazil, including island endemic species. Area and distance from the mainland were important drivers of snake diversity in the Atlantic Forest coastal islands. However, these predictors affected the different components of diversity in different ways. Phylogenetic composition analysis enables us to understand how basal nodes contributed to high levels of phylogenetic diversity on smaller and farther islands regardless of the decrease in species richness.

Highlights

MacArthur and Wilson's Theory of Island Biogeography proposes that ecological and evolutionary processes, such as colonization, speciation, and stochastic extinction, regulate species richness in isolated areas by creating an equilibrium between the gain and/ or exclusion of species (MacArthur & Wilson, 1963, 1967)
Strong evidence exists of fast speciation within islands (Amaral, 1921; Barbo et al, 2016; Barbo, Grazziotin, Sazima, Martins, & Sawaya, 2012), which contributes to the assembling process in the area, with endemic species being generated in some island systems
We sought to answer the following questions: (a) Do species richness and phylogenetic diversity of coastal islands increase in larger and closer islands? and (b) How different are the phylogenetic components regarding the variation in island area and distance from the mainland? We expected that species richness and phylogenetic diversity would present a positive relationship to area and a negative association to distance from the mainland, as predicted by Island Biogeography Theory, but different lineages should affect richness and phylogenetic diversity of snakes in islands differently

Summary

| INTRODUCTION

MacArthur and Wilson's Theory of Island Biogeography proposes that ecological and evolutionary processes, such as colonization, speciation, and stochastic extinction, regulate species richness in isolated areas by creating an equilibrium between the gain and/ or exclusion of species (MacArthur & Wilson, 1963, 1967). Pyron and Burbrink (2014) employed community phylogenetic tools to analyze patterns of snake diversity of 510 islands around the globe and demonstrated that colonization was the main process explaining most of species richness distribution patterns in islands. They verified in situ diversification as rare and not contributing to island species richness. We expected that species richness and phylogenetic diversity would present a positive relationship to area and a negative association to distance from the mainland, as predicted by Island Biogeography Theory, but different lineages should affect richness and phylogenetic diversity of snakes in islands differently We sought to answer the following questions: (a) Do species richness and phylogenetic diversity of coastal islands increase in larger and closer islands? and (b) How different are the phylogenetic components regarding the variation in island area and distance from the mainland? We expected that species richness and phylogenetic diversity would present a positive relationship to area and a negative association to distance from the mainland, as predicted by Island Biogeography Theory, but different lineages should affect richness and phylogenetic diversity of snakes in islands differently

| MATERIALS AND METHODS

| DISCUSSION

Findings

CONFLICT OF INTEREST