Abstract
With more than half the world's population residing in urban areas and this proportion rising, it is important to understand how well-planned urban environments might improve, and reduce inequalities in, quality of life (QoL). Although studies suggest city-level characteristics hold independent influence on QoL, they generally lack a theoretically informed approach to understanding how the whole city landscape might be implicated, have paid scant attention to inequalities in QoL and often focus on small numbers of cities or countries. We applied theory and methods from landscape ecology to explore associations between cities' land cover/use, residents' reported life satisfaction and within-city socio-economic inequalities in life satisfaction. We joined individual-level responses to the European Urban Audit (EUA) Perception Surveys (2012, 2015) with city-level data from the European Urban Atlas classifying land cover/use into 26 different classes. Our sample included 63,554 people from 66 cities in 28 countries. Multilevel binary logistic models found that specific land use measures were associated with life satisfaction, including the amount of a city which was: residential (OR:0.991, 95%CI 0.984–0.997); isolated structures (OR:1.046, 95 CI 1.002–1.091); roads (OR:0.989, 95%CI 0.982–0.996); pastures (OR: 1.002, 95% CI 1.002–1.003) and herbaceous vegetation (OR:0.998, 95%CI 0.997–0.100). A more even distribution of land cover/use (β: 1.561, 95%CI -3.021 to −0.102) was associated with lower inequality in life satisfaction. This is the first study to theorise and examine how the entire urban landscape may affect levels of and inequalities in wellbeing in a large international sample. Our finding that more equal distribution of land cover/use is associated with lower levels of socio-economic inequality in life satisfaction supports the idea that city environments could be equigenic – that is, could create equality. Our findings can aid urban planners to develop and build cities that can contribute to improving, and narrowing inequalities in, residents' life satisfaction.
Highlights
This study is about the relationship between urban environment and residents' reported life satisfaction, an aspect of overall Quality of Life (QoL)
We found that specific land cover/uses, and the evenness of the land cover/use distribution, were both positively associated with socio-economic inequalities in life satisfaction within the city
We found a more even distribution of land covers/uses was associated with lower inequality in life satisfaction within the city, and that low density urban fabric, pastures and isolated structures were associated with higher inequalities in life satisfaction
Summary
This study is about the relationship between urban environment and residents' reported life satisfaction, an aspect of overall Quality of Life (QoL). QoL is increasingly seen as an important component of population health and wellbeing, and one which governments and policy makers are trying to maximise and equalise (Cao, 2016; Tay et al, 2015). We note that many disciplines have debated the underlying concepts, indicators of, and differences between, quality of life, life satisfaction, happiness and wellbeing (Tay et al, 2015), but agree with Glatzer that, in essence, they all speak to “evaluations, both positive and negative, that people make of their lives” One relatively consistent finding across this literature is that determinants of QoL lie at many different levels; from
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