Are Three-Dimensional Batteries Beneficial? Analyzing Historical Data to Elucidate Performance Advantages

Abstract

Conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are composed of planar stacks of anodes, cathodes, and separators, all immersed in electrolyte and sandwiched between current collectors. However, planar LIBs have a performance trade-off where increasing electrode thickness leads to higher capacity but lower rate capability. Three-dimensional (3D) batteries circumvent this issue with 3D electrode architecture. Herein, we systematically analyze 3D LIBs from experimental publications over the past 20 years. Using a previously developed empirical model, we obtain parameters to quantify the rate capability and rate-limiting mechanisms of 3D LIBs. Compared to conventional LIBs, 3D LIBs exhibit better rate capability─confirming their expected performance benefit. To provide further insight, we investigate the impact of liquid-phase and solid-phase diffusion mechanisms on this performance benefit. Lastly, we discuss the design landscape of 3D LIBs across multiple electrode designs and material sets and highlight our perspective on the applicability of 3D LIBs at different application scales.