Are shame and self-criticism the path to the pervasive effect of social stress reactivity on social functioning in psychosis?

Abstract

It is widely known that stress reactivity and social functioning impairment are important difficulties in people with psychosis. However, the specific impact of stress reactivity on social functioning and its underlying mechanisms are still less explored. Social rank variables, such as shame and self-criticism, have been pointed out as relevant in the development, maintenance of several types of psychosocial suffering and, specifically, in psychotic disorders. This study's aim was to explore the associations between external shame, self-criticism, social stress reactivity, and social functioning difficulties and understand the mediator role of shame and self-criticism in the relationship between social stress reactivity and social functioning. Seventy-seven participants with a psychotic disorder filled in self-reported measures of stress reactivity, shame, and self-criticism and were clinically evaluated for social functioning. To study the associations between variables in the study, Spearman correlation coefficients were used. The PROCESS macro was used to test the sequential mediation analyses. All variables under study were associated with each other, and social stress reactivity predicted social functioning difficulties through external shame, whereas self-criticism was not a significant mediator. The present study highlights the role of external shame in the pathway from stress reactivity to social impairment. These results inform recovery-oriented interventions and reinforce the relevance of considering social competitive mentality when working with people with psychosis. Further research is needed to clarify the role of self-to-self relationship in social impairment and to identify other mechanisms aimed at dealing with shame used by people with psychosis.