Are Patients Preferentially Receiving Oral Vancomycin for Clostridioides difficile Infection in 2018? A Population Perspective

Abstract

Background: Historically, metronidazole was first-line therapy for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). In February 2018, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) updated clinical practice guidelines for CDI. The new guidelines recommend oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin for treatment of initial episode of CDI in adults. We examined the changes in treatment of CDI during 2018 across all types of healthcare settings in metropolitan Atlanta. Methods: Cases were identified through the Georgia Emerging Infections program (funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), which conducts active population-based surveillance in an 8-county area including Atlanta, Georgia (population, 4,126,399). An incident case was a resident of the catchment area with a positive C. difficile toxin test and no additional positive test in the previous 8 weeks. Recurrent CDI was defined as >1 incident CDI episode in 1 year. Clinical and treatment data were abstracted on a random 33% sample of adult (>17 years) cases. Definitive treatment categories were defined as the single antibiotic agent, metronidazole or vancomycin, used to complete a course. We examined the effect of time of infection, location of treatment, and number of CDI episodes on the use of metronidazole only. Results: We analyzed treatment information for 831 adult sampled cases. Overall, cases were treated at 29 hospitals (568 cases), 4 nursing homes (6 cases), and 101 outpatient providers (257 cases). The mean age was 60 (IQR, 34–86), and 111 (13.4%) had recurrent infection. Moreover, ∼28% of first-incident CDI episodes, 8% of second episodes, and 6% of third episodes were treated with metronidazole only. Compared to facility-based providers, outpatient providers were more likely to treat initial CDI episodes with metronidazole only (44% vs 21%; relative risk [RR], 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7–2.7). Treatment changed over time from 56% metronidazole only in January to 10% in December (Fig. 1). First-incident cases in the first quarter of 2018 were more likely to be treated with metronidazole only compared to those in the fourth quarter (RR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.91–3.97). Conclusions: Preferential use of vancomycin for initial CDI episodes increased throughout 2018 but remained <100%. CDI episodes treated in the outpatient setting and nonrecurrent episodes were more likely to be treated with metronidazole only. Additional studies on persistent barriers to prescribing oral vancomycin, such as cost, are warranted.Funding: NoneDisclosures: Scott Fridkin reports that his spouse receives a consulting fee from the vaccine industry.