Are neighbourhood amenities associated with more walking and less driving? Yes, but predominantly for the wealthy

Abstract

Cities are home to a vast array of amenities, from local barbers to science museums and shopping malls. But these are unequally distributed across urban space. Using Google Places data combined with trip-based mobility data for Bogotá, Colombia, we shed light on the impact of neighbourhood amenities on urban mobility patterns. By deriving a new accessibility metric that explicitly takes into account spatial range, we find that a higher density of local amenities is associated with a higher likelihood of walking as well as shorter bus and car trips. Digging deeper, we use an effect modification framework to show that this relationship varies by socioeconomic status. Our main focus is walking and driving, finding that amenities within about a 1-km radius from home are robustly associated with a higher propensity to walk and shorter driving time only for the wealthiest group. These results suggest that wealthier groups may weigh the proximity of local amenities more heavily into travel decisions, perhaps based on differentiated time-money trade-offs. As cities globally aim to boost public transport and green travel, these findings enable us to better understand how commercial structure shapes urban mobility in highly income-segregated settings.