Abstract
It is known that life processes below the melting point temperature can actively evolve and establish in micrometer-sized (and larger) veins and structures in ice and permafrost soil, filled with unfrozen water. Thermodynamic arguments and experimental results indicate the existence of much smaller nanometer-sized thin films of undercooled liquid interfacial (ULI) water on surfaces of micrometer sized and larger mineral particles and microbes in icy environments far below the melting point temperature. This liquid interfacial water can be described in terms of a freezing point depression, which is due to the interfacial pressure of van der Waals forces. The physics behind the possibly also life supporting capability of nanometric films of undercooled liquid interfacial water, which also can “mantle” the surfaces of the much larger and micrometer-sized microbes, is discussed. As described, biological processes do not necessarily have to proceed in the “bulk” of the thin interfacial water, as in “vinical” water and in the micrometer-sized veins e.g., but they can be supported or are even made possible already by covering thin mantles of liquid interfacial water. These can provide liquid water for metabolic processes and act as carrier for the necessary transport of nutrients and waste. ULI water supports two different and possibly biologically relevant transport processes: 2D molecular diffusion in the interfacial film, and flow-like due to regelation. ULI-water, which is “lost” by transport into microbes, e.g., will be refilled from the neighbouring ice. In this way, the nanometric liquid environment of microbes in ULI-water is comparable to that of microbes in bulk water. Another probably also biologically relevant property of ULI is, depending on the hydrophobic or hydrophilic character of the surfaces, that it is of lower density (LDL) or higher density (HDL) than bulk water. Furthermore, capillary effects and ions in ULI-water solutions can support, enhance, and stabilize the formation of layers of interfacial water. A more detailed future investigation of the possible support of life processes by nanometric ULI water in ice is a challenge to current cryomicrobiology. Related results of Rivkina et al. [22] indeed indicate that life processes can remain active at water contents corresponding to about or less than two monolayers of ULI water.
Published Version
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