Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and climate change are undoubtedly the biggest challenges that humankind faces today. Here, buildings have a crucial role since they consume the majority, i.e., 30% to 40% of the total energy resources. Green building certification is one of the solutions to limit the energy use in buildings. In addition, it is seen to indicate a consideration for sustainability aspects in construction. LEED is the most widely used certificate worldwide. However, recently some critics have raised doubts about LEED and whether it actually implies sustainability. Most of the criticism has been targeted to the energy aspects of LEED. Nevertheless, there is no consensus on the usefulness of LEED: is it really beneficial for the environment, and is it worth of the money and time invested on the certification process? In this study a critical analysis of the literature to find an answer to this question is presented. Altogether 44 peer reviewed articles dealing with the abovementioned issue were selected out of 164 search result. Based on the studied material, the different aspects of LEED from the viewpoint of energy-efficiency are discussed. From the 44 reviewed articles, ten articles state that LEED certificate indicates energy efficiency while eight papers end up with an opposite conclusion. The rest of the papers do not take any stand on this matter. The study showed that energy efficiency of LEED-certified buildings is questionable especially at lower levels, i.e., certified. Therefore, it is recommended to modify the Energy and Atmosphere category of LEED in order to improve the actual energy performance of buildings.
Highlights
During the past years environmental issues have become one of the most important concerns of human being [1,2]
The energy performance correlated only weakly with the certification level or points that the Leadership in the Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified buildings earned at the design phase
He ended up with different results than Newsham et al [61] in reporting a lower use of site energy by LEED-certified buildings compared to conventional buildings, the difference being about half of that reported by New Buildings Institute (NBI)
Summary
During the past years environmental issues have become one of the most important concerns of human being [1,2]. Numerous domestic and international green building certification systems have been constructed and are already in common use [15,16,17,18,19]. The British Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) is the first one of such certification systems and adopted worldwide. While the American Leadership in the Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system created in 1998 by the US Green Building Council (USGBC), is most common. Other certification systems include the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED, Korea), the Green Star (Australia) and Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE, Japan) [20]. There are several voluntary standards for energy efficiency in buildings, such as Passivhaus (see [21,22,23]) or Energy Star (see [3])
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