Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (SUV) exposure is a major risk factor in the etiology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). People commonly use sunscreens to prevent SUV-induced skin damage and cancer. Nonetheless, the prevalence of cSCC continues to increase every year, suggesting that commercially available sunscreens might not be used appropriately or are not completely effective. In the current study, a solar simulated light (SSL)-induced cSCC mouse model was used to investigate the efficacy of eight commonly used FDA-approved sunscreen components against skin carcinogenesis. First, we tested FDA-approved sunscreen components for their ability to block UVA or UVB irradiation by using VITRO-SKIN (a model that mimics human skin properties), and then the efficacy of FDA-approved sunscreen components was investigated in an SSL-induced cSCC mouse model. Our results identified which FDA-approved sunscreen components or combinations are effective in preventing cSCC development. Not surprisingly, the results indicated that sunscreen combinations that block both UVA and UVB significantly suppressed the formation of cutaneous papillomas and cSCC development and decreased the activation of oncoproteins and the expression of COX-2, keratin 17, and EGFR in SSL-exposed SKH-1 (Crl:SKH1-Hrhr) hairless mouse skin. Notably, several sunscreen components that were individually purported to block both UVA and UVB were ineffective alone. At least one component had toxic effects that led to a high mortality rate in mice exposed to SSL. Our findings provide new insights into the development of the best sunscreen to prevent chronic SUV-induced cSCC development.
Highlights
Developing effective prevention strategies against cutaneous squamous cell carcinomanon-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is extremely important because many people receive extensive exposure to sunlight early in life and develop skin cancers later in life even without further exposure to sunlight [1]
Our results identified the single or combination of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved sunscreen components that are effective against ultraviolet light A (UVA) and UVB irradiation in an in vitro system
Mice in Groups 13, 14, 17, 18, and 22 showed epidermal thickening (Figure 3; Supplementary Figure S2c). These results indicated that sunscreen components blocking only UVA, UVB, or partial UVA and UVB are ineffective in preventing Solar Simulated Light (SSL)-induced skin damage and carcinogenesis compared with groups treated with sunscreen components that block both UVA and UVB
Summary
Developing effective prevention strategies against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Because of the increasing incidence of NMSC, the effectiveness of sunscreens in preventing skin damage and cSCC is debatable. Regardless of the type of treatment chosen, individuals with an increased risk of developing AKs should be advised to apply a protective sunscreen as preventive skin care. We formulated a moisturizing lotion that neither prevents nor causes skin cancer (Patent International Application Number: PCT/US2018/036720; title: skin care formulations and skin cancer treatment). We used this base lotion as a vehicle to test the effectiveness of individual or combinations of FDA-approved sunscreen components [21,22] in protecting against SSL-induced damage and cSCC development
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