Are Diminishing Potentiation and Large Extensor Moments the Cause for the Occurrence of the Sticking Region in Maximum Free-Weight Barbell Back Squats among Resistance-Trained Males?

Abstract

This study compared the kinematics, surface electromyography (sEMG) and kinetics among isometric squats performed at 10 different heights of the upward part and a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) squat. Eleven males (age: 27.5 ± 3.4 years, body mass: 84.9 ± 8.1 kg, body height: 1.79 ± 0.06 m, 1-RM squat: 152.2 ± 20.55 kg) took part in this study. It was found that force output was lowest in the sticking region at around the event of peak deceleration for the 1-RM trial with force output at 2179 ± 212 N. For the isometric trial, the lowest force output occurred at the lowest barbell height (1735 ± 299 N). In addition, for the 1-RM condition hip extension moments peaked at the first four barbell heights (6.5-6.2 Nm/kg) representing the pre-sticking and the sticking region before significantly decreasing during the events representing the post-sticking region. Additionally, the sEMG amplitude peaked for the hip extensors at the barbell heights corresponding to the post-sticking region. Moreover, the sEMG amplitude was significantly higher for the 1-RM condition for all hip extensors, vastus lateralis, and calf muscles (F ≥ 2.7, p ≤ 0.01, ηp2 ≥ 0.25). Therefore, we suggest that the sticking region occurs because of reduced force output in the pre-sticking and the sticking region in back squats among resistance-trained males. The reduced force output is probably a combination of suboptimal internal moment arms, length-tension relationships of the gluteus maximus, hamstring and vastii muscles in the pre-sticking and sticking regions to overcome the large extensor moments together with diminishing potentiation from the pre-sticking to the sticking region.