Are cranial germ cell tumours really tumours of germ cells?

Abstract

Germ cell tumours of the brain and those that occur in the gonads are believed to share a common origin from germ cell progenitors. This 'germ cell theory' rests upon similar histopathology between these tumours in different locations and the belief that endogenous somatic cells of the brain could not give rise to the range of cell types seen in germ cell tumours. An alternative 'embryonic cell theory' has been proposed for some classes of cranial germ cell tumours, but this still relies on the misplacement of cells in the brain (in this case the earliest embryonic stem cells) during early embryonic development. Recent evidence has demonstrated that neural stem cells of the brain can also give rise to many of the cell types seen in germ cell tumours. These data suggest that endogenous progenitor cells of the brain are a plausible alternative origin for these tumours. This idea is of central importance for studies aiming to elucidate the mechanisms of tumour development. The application of modern molecular analyses to reveal how tumour cells have altered with respect to their cell of origin relies on the certain identification of the cell from which the particular tumour arose. If the identity of this cell is mistaken, then studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which the progenitor cell has been subverted from its normal behaviour will not yield useful information. In addition, it will prove impossible to generate an appropriate animal model in which to study the underlying causes of those tumours. This article makes the case that current assumptions of the origins of cranial germ cell tumours are unreliable. It reviews the evidence in favour of the 'germ cell theory' and argues in favour of a 'brain cell theory' in which endogenous neural progenitor cells of the brain are the likely origin for these tumours. Thus, the case is made that cranial germ cell tumours, like other brain tumours, arise by the transformation of progenitor cells normally resident in the brain.