Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have found that primary rotations in the lumbar spine are accompanied by coupled out-of-plane rotations. However, it is not clear whether this accompanying rotation is due to passive (discs, ligaments and facet joints) or active (muscles) spinal anatomy. The aim of this study was to use a finite element model of the lumbar spine to determine three-dimensional rotations in the loaded spine, due to passive spinal anatomy alone.
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