Are Cantonese (Yue) and Hokkien (Southern Min) contested languages? Language planning and language attitudes in China and Malaysia

Abstract

ABSTRACT Both among mainland China speakers and within the sizeable Chinese minority that lives in Malaysia, language varieties are categorised into two main groups: ‘languages’ on the one hand, and ‘dialects’ on the other. ‘Languages’ often enjoy at least some degree of official protection, have a written form, are used in some high domains, etc., whereas ‘dialects’ are supposed to be mostly oral languages spoken in low domains. Many of the varieties considered ‘dialects’ are however more accurately described as full-fledged languages that only share common origins with Mandarin, in the same way as Romance languages share common origins with Latin. Among these, Cantonese and Hokkien, the most widely spoken heritage languages in Malaysia, are notable examples. After an outline of the terminology employed to refer to Cantonese and Hokkien, this study examines the linguistic situation in China and Malaysia and the language planning activities carried out to maintain these two Chinese varieties. The methodology used to collect the data is then introduced, i.e. a sociolinguistic survey on the respondents’ opinion on language planning strategies and on the use of the terms ‘language’ and ‘dialect’. There follow a presentation of the data, a discussion of the results and some general conclusions.