Are Breast Implants Anticarcinogenic? A 14-Year Follow-Up of the Los Angeles Study

Abstract

Endothelins are well-known vasoconstrictor peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells that have been reported to have a fundamental role in regulation of the systemic blood circulation. Plasma levels of endothelins are increased by burn injury, which also causes thrombosis and occlusion of vessels in the dermis as well as a vascular response in the adjacent uninjured dermis. Diminished blood flow leads to progressive ischemia and necrosis of the dermis beneath and around the burn (zone of stasis). If blood flow could be restored in this zone, secondary tissue damage would be minimized. In this study we examined the effects of a new nonselective endothelin receptor antagonist, TAK-044 (Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), on burn trauma in rats. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing an average of 450 gm were burned with a brass probe that produced a row of three burns 10 x 30 mm in size and two intervening unburned areas 5 x 30 mm in size. Rats were divided into five groups of 10 animals. Four groups received 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg of TAK-044 via the dorsal vein of the penis immediately after burn trauma, while the control group received the same volume of saline. Skin blood flow was measured with a laser-Doppler flowmeter, and the development of edema and the area of necrotic tissue also were determined. Inhibition of endothelin activity by TAK-044 after burn injury improved microvascular perfusion in the zone of stasis and prevented the progression of tissue damage in this zone. This supports the role of endothelins in the progression of burn injury in the zone of stasis. TAK-044 was most effective in preventing progressive burn damage at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The extent of necrosis and edema was reduced significantly, and blood flow in the zone of stasis was increased in the treated rats.