Abstract
Important international reports and a significant number of scientific publications have reported on the abrupt decline of Arctic sea ice and its impact on the Global Climate System. In this paper, we evaluated the ability of the newly implemented Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM-OA) to represent Arctic sea ice and sensitivity to CO2 forcing, using decadal simulations (1980-2012) and future scenarios (2006-2100). We validated our results with satellite observations and compared them to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5) for the same numerical experiment. BESM results for the seasonal cycle are consistent with CMIP5 models and observations. However, almost all models tend to overestimate sea ice extent in March compared to observations. The correct evaluation of minimum record of sea ice, in terms of time, spatial and area remains a limitation in Coupled Global Climate Models. Looking to spatial patterns, we found a systematic model error in September sea ice cover between the Beaufort Sea and East Siberia for most models. Future scenarios show a decrease in sea ice extent in response to an increase in radiative forcing for all models. From the year 2045 onwards, all models show a dramatic shrinking in sea ice and ice free conditions at the end of the melting season. The projected future sea ice loss is explained by the combined effects of the amplified warming in northern hemisphere high latitudes and feedbacks processes.
Highlights
Sea ice is an important and complex component of the global climate system acting both as an indicator as well as an amplifier of climate change [1]-[3]
We present the Arctic seasonal cycle of sea ice, in order to better understand the differences between the models studied, with a focus on the performance of the Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM)-OA V2.3 model
To understand the ability of BESM Coupled Ocean Atmosphere (BESM-OA) V2.3 to simulate the seasonal cycle in relation to observation and other CMIP5 models, we present in Figure 1 the seasonal cycle of climatological average of Sea Ice Extent (SIE) from CMIP5 model and observed values for the period from 1980 to 2010
Summary
Sea ice is an important and complex component of the global climate system acting both as an indicator as well as an amplifier of climate change [1]-[3]. Most of the climate models agree that the global air temperature will continue to rise, in northern high latitudes and the Arctic will become ice free in the summer in approximately 30 years, as a response to an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations [1] [5]. Recent studies suggest that sea ice loss is linked to cold winter extremes in the northern continents, hot summer extremes over mid-latitudes continents, as well as wet summers and flooding in Eurasia [10]-[13]
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