Abstract
Results are presented from Arctic field trials carried out to estimate the bearing to acoustic sources in the water column using seismic particle motion measured at a tri-axial geophone mounted on the sea ice surface. Source bearings are estimated by applying polarization filters to suppress seismic waves with transverse particle motion and computing the incident power rotated into radial look angles from 0° to 360°; the inherent 180° ambiguity is resolved by requiring out-going (prograde) particle motion in the vertical-radial plane. An earlier study considered impulsive sources at ranges of 200–1000 m at a site characterized by mixed annual ice. The present work considers two studies of similar scale carried out at sites with uniformly smooth annual ice and rough, ridged annual ice, and a third study on multi-year ice involving sources at 2–50-km range. The results indicate good bearing estimation to long range with little dependence on ice type.
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