Abstract
Conjugated polymers generally contain conjugated backbone structures with benzene, heterocycle, double bond, or triple bond, so that they have properties similar to semiconductors and even conductors. Their energy band gap is very small and can be adjusted via chemical doping, allowing for excellent photoelectric properties. To obtain prominent conjugated materials, numerous well-designed polymer backbones have been reported, such as polyphenylenevinylene, polyphenylene acetylene, polycarbazole, and polyfluorene. 4,4′-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-based conjugated polymers have also been prepared owing to its conjugated structure and intriguing optical properties, including high absorption coefficients, excellent thermal/photochemical stability, and high quantum yield. Most importantly, the properties of BODIPYs can be easily tuned by chemical modification on the dipyrromethene core, which endows the conjugated polymers with multiple functionalities. In this paper, BODIPY-based conjugated polymers are reviewed, focusing on their structures and applications. The forms of BODIPY-based conjugated polymers include linear, coiled, and porous structures, and their structure–property relationship is explored. Also, typical applications in optoelectronic materials, sensors, gas/energy storage, biotherapy, and bioimaging are presented and discussed in detail. Finally, the review provides an insight into the challenges in the development of BODIPY-based conjugated polymers.
Highlights
In the 1970s, Shirakawa et al accidentally synthesized polyacetylene and developed its conductive applications under close cooperation with MacDiarmid and Heeger [1,2,3,4]
We focus on the ample structures of BODIPY-based conjugated polymers based on different reaction sites and functionality degrees of monomers
Significant advances have been achieved in BODIPY-based conjugated polymers due to the joint effect of conjugate structures and the fluorescent dye BODIPY, which encouraged us to comprehensively summarize the establishments and applications of BODIPY-based conjugated polymers
Summary
In the 1970s, Shirakawa et al accidentally synthesized polyacetylene and developed its conductive applications under close cooperation with MacDiarmid and Heeger [1,2,3,4]. To develop conjugated materials with better performance, a large number of functional units have been successfully introduced to polymer systems, including phenylacetylene [10], thiophene [11], carbazole [12], fluorene [13], and 4,4 difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) [14]. BODIPY (Figure 1) is famous for its versatility as fluorophores and is widely applied in fluorescent sensors, organic electronics, biotherapy, and imaging [14,15,16,17,18], which provides a possibility for the multifunctional development of conjugated polymers. Special attention is devoted to the applications of conjugated polymers containing BODIPYs in optoelectronic materials, biotherapy, bioimaging, sensors, and gas/energy storage, wherein the structure–property relationship exerts tremendous influence
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