발해 서경(西京)에 관한 고고학적 검토

Abstract

This study aims to identify the location of the West capital(西京), especially among the 5京15府62州 of Balhae, focusing on archaeological material data, and to examine the timing of the contrast. Studying Balhae's 5京 is important in that it not only identifies Balhae's relations with China but also identifies Balhae's efficient local governance, and clearly understands the symbolism and history of Balhae's kingship. This study seeks to examine the location of Balhae the West capital(西京) from an archaeological perspective. Among the many materials left behind by the Balhae people, roof tiles, especially various pattern attributes and production techniques, were identified, so the location of 西京 was determined through the setting of the year, locality, and aspects of international exchange. The Imgang(臨江) has been considered the most influential location of the West capital(西京) is known to have relics and sacred sites from the Balhae period. However, due to the lack of actual reports of excavated artifacts and remains, no specific verification of Balhae's relics was made, nor was the shape or structure of the site verified during the Balhae period. On the other hand, the Jian(集安) is the second capital of Goguryeo was found to have excavated the roof tiles of Balhae, similar roof tiles from 上京城, 西古城, and 八連城. Based on this, the location of the Balhae West capital(西京) was determined archaeologically. As a result of analyzing the tiles excavated from the ruins of Balhae, it was possible to judge the location of Balhae the West capital(西京) as the area of the Jian(集安), not the area of the the Imgang(臨江). Front Roof-Tile from the Balhae period, which are excavated in the Jian(集安) region centered on the national inner fortress, can be called the Jian(集安) because the same tile was not excavated in other regions. Through these Balhae front Roof-Tile, it is possible to estimate the regional characteristics of tiled buildings that are different from the areas where the royal palace was located in the West capital(西京) area centered on the Jian(集安). Heart-shaped tiles with strong independence of Balhae are thought to change from complex unit patterns to simple unit patterns depending on the period. Among the heart-shaped tiles, the tile, which has a heart pattern+center pattern, is believed to have been produced after 9C after Balhae transferred from 東京城 to 上京城. This suggests that 9C was the time when buildings linked to state power were installed and the West capital(西京), centered on the Jian(集安). It is difficult to know exactly when the West capital(西京) of Balhae was installed, but it is judged that at least at the 9C stage, the Jian(集安) area was functioning as the West capital(西京) of Balhae.