Archaeal ammonia oxidisers are abundant in acidic, coarse-textured Australian soils

Abstract

The abundances of ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) in soils underlying pastures in the south-west of Western Australia (WA) were investigated. Samples were collected from irrigated pastures and one unmanaged (driveway) area during December 2009. Archaeal and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes were quantified using real-time PCR, and the diversity of the archaeal amoA genes was investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). AOA amoA gene copies outnumbered AOB in all samples. Numbers of archaeal amoA genes ranged from 4.1E+01 to 1.34E+05 gene copies/ng soil DNA. Bacterial amoA genes were below detection limits at three of the four sample sites and ranged from 8.9E+01 to 6.7E+02 gene copies/ng soil DNA at the remaining site. Potential nitrification rates (PNR) were not correlated with AOA or AOB gene abundance, but high PNR only occurred at the site with measureable numbers of AOB. The DGGE analysis revealed that the AOA community was diverse and variability in banding patterns was significantly affected by both site and depth (P < 0.05). Statistical analysis matching biological variation (AOA amoA genotypes) to environmental variables (BEST analysis) revealed that pH was the key driver of AOA community structure (ρ = 0.72; P = 0.005). Soil pH was also inversely correlated to abundance of AOA amoA genes in soil (ρ = 0.8; P = 0.003). This study has shown that AOA are important members of the nitrogen-cycling community in acidic WA pasture soils, and likely in the wider agricultural soils of WA.