Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate fungi in plants associated with aquatic environments

Josy Fraccaro de Marins,Rosilaine Carrenho

doi:10.1590/0102-33062016abb0296

Josy Fraccaro de Marins, Rosilaine Carrenho

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062016abb0296

Copy DOI

Abstract

ABSTRACT Th ere have been several reports of symbionts in the roots of plants that live in aquatic environments. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most common microsymbionts and possibly recolonized the aquatic environment together with plants; however, their functions and the extent of their benefi ts are unclear. Furthermore, the presence of other groups of fungi, such as dark septate fungi (DSF), with functions supposedly analogous to those of mycorrhizal fungi, has also been reported. Th e present work provides a compilation of data regarding the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants from, or under the infl uence of, aquatic environments, and co-colonization by AMF and DSF. Forty species of non-vascular plants, ferns, fern allies, and gymnosperms from 15 families, and 659 species of angiosperms from 87 families were investigated. From the fi rst group (non-fl owering plants) 57 % of the species showed arbuscular mycorrhizal structures in their tissues or roots, whereas among the second group (fl owering plants) 71 % had such structures. Among the mycorrhizal angiosperms, 52 % showed arbuscules in their roots. DSF were found in 1 % of non-fl owering plants and 5 % of angiosperms. All of these are discussed in this review.

Highlights

The present work provides a compilation of data regarding the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants from, or under the influence of, aquatic environments, and co-colonization by Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate fungi (DSF)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate endosymbionts that live inside roots of vascular plants in terrestrial environments (Parniske 2008)
The information was organized in order to reveal the ecological aspects of the association in the aquatic environment, the range of plants that present mycorrhiza among the major plant groups, and the mutual colonization by AMF and DSF, the later a group commonly observed in macrophytes

Summary

Introduction

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate endosymbionts that live inside roots of vascular plants in terrestrial environments (Parniske 2008). Josy Fraccaro de Marins and Rosilaine Carrenho in different ecosystems and geographic locations (Brundrett 2009), and as is considered a general rule among terrestrial plants, colonizing plants of all taxonomic groups (Wang & Qiu 2006) They are present in a great diversity of environments with the most varied biotic and abiotic characteristics. DSF lack specialized interfaces for nutrient transfer with their plant partners (Peterson et al 2008), so the reasons for their positive influence on plants are related to mineralization of the substrate to which the host roots are linked, production of phytohormones, reduction of disease intensity of some fungal pathogens, and reduction of competition between plants (Jumpponen & Trappe 1998) Their simultaneous presence with AMF has been recorded and the sum of their benefits can be important to host plants. The information was organized in order to reveal the ecological aspects of the association in the aquatic environment, the range of plants that present mycorrhiza among the major plant groups, and the mutual colonization by AMF and DSF, the later a group commonly observed in macrophytes

Aquatic plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizae in aquatic ecosystems

Findings

Final consideration