Arbitrated Quantum Signature Schemes: Attacks and Security

Abstract

In this paper, we first summarize the attacks on the existing arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) schemes and then present a valid forgery attack. Also, we discuss the effectiveness of these attacks and analyze the reasons for these schemes suffered attacks. Moreover, we propose an AQS scheme which can resist all existent attacks. The proposed AQS scheme can preserve all merits in the previous AQS schemes such as it can sign the known and unknown quantum messages. To achieve higher security of AQS, we also construct a strong quantum one-time pads encryption which is applied to improve the AQS schemes.