Arbitrary Prescribed Wideband Flat Group Delay Circuits Using Coupled Lines

Abstract

This paper presents the analytical design of transmission-type arbitrary prescribed wideband flat group delay (GD) circuits (type-I and type-II) using $\lambda $ /4 coupled lines. The GD circuit type-I consists of two sections of coupled lines, whereas the GD circuit type-II consists of $\lambda $ /4 transmission lines (TLs) at input and output, in addition to coupled lines. The additional $\lambda $ /4 TLs at input–output ports in GD circuit type-II provide more freedom to obtain larger GD, as compared to type-I, without fabrication difficulties. The analytical analysis shows that the wideband flat GD response can be obtained by selecting the appropriate even- and odd-mode impedances of coupled lines and the characteristic impedance of TLs. To obtain the arbitrary prescribed wideband flat GD response, the closed-form analytical design equations are provided. For experimental validation of the proposed structures, prototypes of GD circuits (type-I and type-II) are designed and fabricated at the center frequency of 2 GHz. The measurement results agree well with the simulation and theoretical predicted results.