Arachidonic acid reverses cholesterol and zinc inhibition of human voltage-gated proton channels

Abstract

Unlike other members of the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily, voltage-gated proton (Hv) channels are solely composed of voltage sensor domains without separate ion-conducting pores. Due to their unique dependence on both voltage and transmembrane pH gradients, Hv channels normally open to mediate proton efflux. Multiple cellular ligands were also found to regulate the function of Hv channels, including Zn2+, cholesterol, polyunsaturated arachidonic acid, and albumin. Our previous work showed that Zn2+ and cholesterol inhibit the human voltage-gated proton channel hHv1 by stabilizing its S4 segment at resting state conformations. Released from phospholipids by phospholipase A2 in cells upon infection or injury, arachidonic acid regulates the function of many ion channels, including hHv1. In the present work, we examined the effects of arachidonic acid on purified hHv1 channels using liposome flux assays and revealed underlying structural mechanisms using single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET). Our data indicated that arachidonic acid strongly activates hHv1 channels by promoting transitions of the S4 segment towards opening or 'pre-opening' conformations. Moreover, we found that arachidonic acid even activates hHv1 channels inhibited by Zn2+ and cholesterol, providing a biophysical mechanism to activate hHv1 channels in non-excitable cells upon infection or injury.