Abstract
A method for simultaneous analysis of ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV) and norfloxacin (NOR) in mangrove sediment was developed using aqueous ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). The method showed excellent linear correlation coefficient for the three fluoroquinolones (r2 > 0.999) using external calibration curve and good recovery in real sediment samples ranging from 73.73 to 88.85%. The precision showed a relative standard deviation lower than 20% and detection limits of 1.10, 3.33 and 0.26 µg kg-1 to CIP, LEV and NOR, respectively. There was no presence of interfering. After validation, the method was applied in the determination of pharmaceuticals in mangrove sediment in the Paciencia River, Maranhao Island, Brazil. Only the CIP antibiotic was found in three of six samples analyzed, with values ranging 56.55-70.45 µg kg-1.
Highlights
IntroductionAntibiotics are substances used worldwide in human and veterinary medicine to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, treat diseases (therapeutic purposes), prevent diseases caused by the presence of pathogenic organisms in the human or animal (prophylactic) and to promote growth.[1,2]The fluoroquinolones antibiotics negatively affect the environment by chronic effect in biota or potential resistance in microorganisms.[3,4,5,6] They are released continuously into the environment as a result of industrial processes, and discharges of commercial products or human or livestock sewage directly into water bodies, soil and sediments.[6,7,8]Estimates of worldwide total antibiotic consumption in livestock alone range from 60,000 to 240,000 tons annually.[9]
It was decided to optimize an extraction technique assisted by ultrasound (UAE) to isolate the CIP, LEV and NOR fluoroquinolones from the mangrove sediment samples
Since the fluoroquinolones compounds have amphoteric properties due to the presence of two ionizable functional groups with environmental relevance in its structure, the carboxylic group and the amino group, different mixtures of extracting solutions in acid and basic pH were evaluated to find an appropriate solution for the extraction of the three antibiotics in sediment samples
Summary
Antibiotics are substances used worldwide in human and veterinary medicine to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, treat diseases (therapeutic purposes), prevent diseases caused by the presence of pathogenic organisms in the human or animal (prophylactic) and to promote growth.[1,2]The fluoroquinolones antibiotics negatively affect the environment by chronic effect in biota or potential resistance in microorganisms.[3,4,5,6] They are released continuously into the environment as a result of industrial processes, and discharges of commercial products or human or livestock sewage directly into water bodies, soil and sediments.[6,7,8]Estimates of worldwide total antibiotic consumption in livestock alone range from 60,000 to 240,000 tons annually.[9]. Antibiotics are substances used worldwide in human and veterinary medicine to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, treat diseases (therapeutic purposes), prevent diseases caused by the presence of pathogenic organisms in the human or animal (prophylactic) and to promote growth.[1,2]. The fluoroquinolones antibiotics negatively affect the environment by chronic effect in biota or potential resistance in microorganisms.[3,4,5,6] They are released continuously into the environment as a result of industrial processes, and discharges of commercial products or human or livestock sewage directly into water bodies, soil and sediments.[6,7,8]. Estimates of worldwide total antibiotic consumption in livestock alone range from 60,000 to 240,000 tons annually.[9] Until 2030 in some countries, including Brazil, the consumption might increase by 67%.
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