Aqueous Electrolytes for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

In recent years, the rapid growth of the global economy has significantly increased the use of fossil fuels that leads to the depletion of existing reserved fossil fuels and environmental problems due to the extensive emissions of greenhouse gases. Therefore, human beings have gradually realized that there is an urgent need to develop environmentally friendly, clean, renewable energy and safe energy storage devices [1]. In response to these concerns scientists need to develop a superior device or source that could fulfill the human economic demand by coding with “Three E” criteria, which include energy (high energy content with respect to unit weight and volume), economics (low manufacturing costs and long cycling life), and environmental (safe, non-toxic, and high reliability) [1–5]. Hence, as it was well known that organic-based lithium-ion-(Li-ion) and sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries can be harmful for the human society which includes less concerns in the feld of safety and expensive fabrication process based on large scale energy storage systems. To avoid such hazardous effect scientist started focusing on essential criteria and concepts that include promising approach by designing reliable aqueous-based lithium and sodium ion batteries that could acquire high safety route with long cycling life and low cost fabrication.