Aqueous co-solvent synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: The impact of co-solvents in the crystal growth kinetics

Abstract

Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) have been widely studied in recent decades in a variety of applications. However, a fundamental understanding of crystal growth kinetics as well as their formation mechanisms has been very limited. Underpinning such mechanisms might be of key importance for the predictable synthesis of ZIFs to rationally tune the structural and morphological properties for respective applications. Herein, the crystal growth kinetics and structural evolution of ZIF-8 crystals in various aqueous co-solvent reaction environments were studied with respect to synthesis time. By tracking the nucleation, crystal growth, stabilization and ripening, three potential kinetic formation mechanisms were proposed. More specifically, with methanol, isopropanol and acetone, a fast nucleation rate and crystal growth occurred within 60 minutes (min) at room temperature. However, ethanol and n-propanol showed prolonged nucleation which resulted in the slow formation of ZIF-L/ZIF-8 mixed phases at the early stage. Phase transformation to pure ZIF-8 was observed in longer syntheses. Nitrogen-containing solvent, N, N–dimethyl formaldehyde (DMF), was found to induce both nucleation and growth, resulting in large crystals in less than 60 min of fabrication. In each case, the crystal formation follows Avrami's classical model. Hence, by understanding the effects of co-solvents in ZIF nucleation, crystallization and phase selection, one can rationally design the crystals with predictable crystallinity, size, morphology, purity and surface properties for targeted applications such as adsorption of small molecules from aqueous mixtures.