Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Indicators in the Zawgyi Irrigation Channels and a River in the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar

Nyein Thandar Ko,Martine Rutten,Phil Suter,Thom Bogaard,John Conallin

doi:10.3390/su12218788

Abstract

Rivers and wetlands in Myanmar provide essential services to people in terms of transportation, agriculture, fisheries and a myriad of other ecosystem services, all of which are dependent on a healthy ecosystem. Irrigation channels are also an important part of the infrastructure for daily water use in Myanmar. The objective of this research is to describe the aquatic ecosystem of irrigation channels using aquatic macroinvertebrate communities. The research focused on the taxonomic composition of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Zawgyi River and the associated irrigation channels in central Myanmar, east of the city of Mandalay. Significant differences between the river and channels, and among individual channels, were shown using an analysis of similarity: Bray–Curtis similarity, a multivariate equivalent of the univariate statistical method of analysis of variance: ANOSIM and an analysis of similarity percentages: SIMPER by Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research: PRIMER v6 software. The initial findings suggest that there is a clear separation between macroinvertebrate communities at the morpho-species level of identification between river and irrigation channels, while there is less separation between functional feeding groups (FFG) between them. The lower taxonomic level of discrimination at the family level using a water quality index showed no significant difference between river and channels. The preliminary field results indicate that a recently modified biomonitoring index method could be applied in Myanmar to assess the ecological water quality of the modified river, as well as human-made channels.

Highlights

A better understanding of aquatic biodiversity values in different water body types is vital to achieve sustainable freshwater ecosystems [1,2]
We describe the ecosystems of irrigation channels and associated rivers in terms of their taxa richness, abundance, functional feeding groups and different land uses
Small water bodies are often overlooked in aquatic ecological studies compared to the larger natural and modified rivers. We sampled both river and irrigation channels to determine how the macroinvertebrate communities altered between the Zawgyi River and human-made irrigation channels

Summary

Introduction

A better understanding of aquatic biodiversity values in different water body types is vital to achieve sustainable freshwater ecosystems [1,2]. There is limited research on the comparison of freshwater aquatic biodiversity values within different water bodies (e.g., rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and ditches), especially regarding novel ecosystems such as human-contrived channels and ditches [1,3,4]. Traditional aquatic ecological research has focused exclusively on larger water bodies, larger rivers, streams and lakes [5]. Smaller water bodies, such as channels, ditches and ponds, have recently received growing interest due to their abundance, importance for freshwater biodiversity and global biogeochemical cycles [6,7]. The aquatic biodiversity characteristics of semi-natural and artificial smaller water bodies (irrigation channels and ponds) remain understudied [7,11]

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Discussion

Conclusion