Abstract
Plasmolemma permeability is an integral indicator of the functional state of plant cells under stress. Aquaporins (AQPs), specialized transmembrane proteins that form water channels and play an important role in the adaptation of plants to adverse conditions and, in particular, to lack or excess of water, are involved in the formation of the response to drought. The main function of AQPs is to facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes and maintain aqueous cell homeostasis. Under stressful conditions, there is both an increase and decrease in the expression of individual aquaporin genes. Analysis of the data revealed differences in the expression of AQPs genes in stable and sensitive plant genotypes. It turned out that aquaporins in different stress-resistant varieties of the same species also respond differently to drought. The review provides brief information on the history of the discovery of aquaporins, the structure and function of these proteins, summarizes the latest information on the role of aquaporins in the regulation of metabolism and the response of plants to stressors, with particular emphasis on aquaporins in drought protection. The discovery and study of AQPs expands the possibilities of using genetic engineering methods for the selection of new plant species, in particular, more resistant to drought and salinization of the soil, as well as to increase their productivity. The use of aquaporins in biotechnology to improve drought resistance of various species has many prospects.
Highlights
Plasmolemma permeability is an integral indicator of the functional state of plant cells under stress
The main function of AQPs is to facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes and maintain aqueous cell homeostasis
The discovery and study of AQPs expands the possibilities of using genetic engineering methods for the selection of new plant species, in particular, more resistant to drought and salinization of the soil, as well as to increase their productivity
Summary
Який отримав пізніше назву "аквапорин 1" (AQP1), був відкритий на початку 1990-х років в мембрані еритроцитів американськими вченими (Preston et al, 1992). Серед них 13 (AQP 0–AQP 12) – у ссавців і кілька сотень в інших організмів (AQPs рослин – одні з начисленних). Залежно від селективної проникності AQPs ссавців розділили на: (1) селективні (власне) аквапорини, проникні тільки для води; (2) аквагліцеропорини, проникні для води, гліцерину, сечовини і деяких інших дрібних молекул (Agre, 2006; Carbrey, Agre, 2009). Для рослин характерне широке розмаїття ізоформ AQPs. Так, багато рослин (арабідопсис, кукурудза, рис, пшениця та ін.) містять понад 30 генів різних AQPs (Johanson et al, 2001; Forrest, Bhave, 2008; Carbrey, Agre, 2009), а "чемпіоном" серед досліджених рослин, вірогідно, є бавовник (Gossypium hirsutum L.), в якому виявлено 71 ген AQPs, що належать до п'яти різних підродин (28 – РІР, 23 – ТІР, 12 – NIP, 7 – SIP і 1 – ХІР) (Park et al, 2010)
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