Aquaporin 9, a promising predictor for the cytocidal effects of arsenic trioxide in acute promyelocytic leukemia cell lines and primary blasts

Abstract

A close correlation between the cytocidal effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) and aquaporin-9 (AQP9) expression levels has been proposed, yet detailed studies are still needed to confirm this association. Thus, in the present study, the correlation between the expression levels of AQP9 and sensitivity to ATO was investigated using two acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell lines, NB4 and HT93A, as well as primary APL cells from newly diagnosed and relapsed APL patients. A substantially higher sensitivity to ATO-mediated induction of apoptosis was observed in the NB4 cells when compared to that in the HT93A cells. In addition, markedly higher expression levels of AQP9, as assessed using flow cytometry, along with more intracellular arsenic accumulation, were observed in the NB4 cells. More importantly, similar to APL cell lines, the trend of expression levels of AQP9 correlated closely with the differential sensitivity to ATO-mediated induction of apoptosis in primary APL cells. In contrast, no correlation was observed between ATO sensitivity associated with AQP9 expression levels and the expression profiles of cell surface markers as well as chromosomal alterations. These results provide direct evidence that the expression levels of AQP9, rather than other biomarkers such as cell surface markers and chromosomal alterations, correlate closely with the sensitivity to ATO in both APL cell lines and primary blasts. These findings suggest that the AQP9 expression status of APL patients is a predictive marker for the successful outcome of ATO treatment, since AQP9 plays a pivotal role in various arsenite-mediated biological effects on normal and cancer cells. Moreover, flow cytometry may be a new convenient and valuable tool for analyzing the AQP9 status of APL patients compared to current methods such as western blotting.