Abstract
Dietary composition of aquaculture feeds (aquafeeds) determines the quality of wastes from aquaculture production systems. These wastes, which are derived mainly from nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds subsequently affect water quality in the culture systems and the ambient environment. Depending on the type of culture systems and management practices employed, the aquafeed wastes can influence the water pH, algal turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and may cause fish mortality. The aquafeed wastes also can facilitate eutrophication leading into harmful algal blooms. Moreover, large quantities of aqua-waste are discharged as fish cannot retain all the food they consume which means a significant portion of the feed remains uneaten. In this paper, we review and discuss practical nutritional strategies and mitigation measures to reduce aquafeed wastes including controlled formulation using high-quality ingredients, enzyme-based aquafeed, processing, reduction of anti-nutrition factors and precision feeding. The paper further recommends strategies for enhancing the resilience of aquaculture production systems and mitigation measures to reduce the effects of aqua-wastes on ambient natural environments.
Highlights
Aquaculture remains a lucrative endeavour, as the world seeks to feed itself (FAO, 2014)
Aquaculture presents a range of environmental challenges, which vary by production system and can result in serious ecological footprint especially for intensive systems (Alleway et al, 2019)
In integrated intensive aquaculture systems, the waste load such as nitrates and phosphates can be reduced if the fish is cultured with other organisms, while plants are used as a biofilter, which often converts nutrient discharges into valuable products (Turcios & Papenbrock, 2014)
Summary
Aquaculture remains a lucrative endeavour, as the world seeks to feed itself (FAO, 2014). The implementation of Economic Stimulus Programme between 2009-2013 boosted farmed fish production and triggered a demand for formulated fish feeds estimated at 30,000 MT that would not be adequately and timely supplied by the private sector (Munguti et al, 2014). This motivated some farmers to put up their own ponds, further boosting the demand for feed to over 100,000 MT, jas.ccsenet.org. The enhanced aquaculture production in turn precipitated a higher demand for inputs This led to increased generation of aqua-waste from production systems (Dauda et al, 2019). This paper reviews the current aspects of nutrients loading into and release of aquafeeds from different fish culture systems in Kenya and proposes ways to mitigate their harmful impacts
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