Apremilast exerts protective effects on stroke outcomes and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction through regulating Rho-associated protein kinase 2 expression.

Abstract

AimsStroke is a devastating event and a huge public health concern worldwide. Apremilast (APR) is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase‐4 involved in various neurological diseases, including stroke. However, the protective effects of APR on stroke have not been investigated. Here, we explored the effects of APR on stroke outcomes and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke mice model.ResultsThe results show that APR attenuated neurological injury in MCAO mice with decreased neurological deficit scores and infarct size, as well as increased hanging grip time. The increased BBB permeability and decreased expression of the tight junction protein Claudin‐5 in MCAO mice were attenuated by APR treatment. APR treatment also mitigated neuroinflammation in MCAO mice, as shown by the decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines. In vitro assays also proved that APR ameliorated the oxygen/glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)‐induced increase in endothelial permeability and restored the expression of Claudin‐5 in bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells. Moreover, overexpression of ROCK2 in bEnd.3 cells abolished the protective effects of APR on endothelial permeability against OGD/R induction.ConclusionTaken together, our results demonstrate that APR showed significant efficacy on ischemic stroke outcomes by alleviating enhanced BBB permeability and neuroinflammation by inhibiting ROCK2. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic window for ischemic stroke.