Abstract
A method that uses the added mass of vortex sheets was developed to estimate induced power in e apping e ight for birds and insects. This new method has advantages over existing methods. First, it is valid for e ights with any forward velocity. Second, this method can be used to determine the effects of most kinematic parameters of e apping wings on induced power, like the inclination of the stroke plane, amplitude of the e apping angle, and the mean e apping angle. For hovering e ight this method has the same accuracy as methods based on the Rankine ‐ Froude momentum theory or on vortex ring theory. When the forward velocity is large, this method agrees with the momentum theory for a e xed wing.
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