Abstract
Abstract Nano-based systems can be used to transport active medicinal products to specific parts of the body. Most challenges with drug delivery, such as low water solubility and poor bioavailability, can be solved using nanotechnology. In addition, nanoparticles can overcome various physiological obstacles to increase load distribution to desired sites. Nanoparticles can carry a load of medication or therapeutic agent, such as a DNA-related substance, to enhance distribution time and deliver the drug to the target site in either a nonspecific (through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)) or specific (through binding specific target receptors) manner. Moreover, nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been employed in the clinic since the early 1990s. Since then, the field of nanomedicine has developed with growing technical needs to improve the delivery of various medications. Over these past decades, newer generations of nanoparticles have emerged that are capable of conducting new delivery activities that could enable therapy via innovative therapeutic modalities. This review highlights different types of approved and currently marketed nanoparticles, such as nanocrystals, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, PEGylated polymeric nanoparticles, protein-based nanoparticles, and metal-based nanoparticles. Furthermore, it explores the use of vaccine-loaded nanoparticles for COVID-19 prophylaxis.
Highlights
Nano-based systems can be used to transport active medicinal products to specific parts of the body
The total molecular weight of medications is increased by conjugation, which affects the pharmacokinetic disposition of the cells
Despite the fact that the use of viral vectors for therapeutic purposes began in the late 1990s, the application of these vectors for disease treatment was mostly overtaken by the death of Jesse Gelsinger, who died after receiving an adenoviral vector for adenovirus infection [116], and leukemia in children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) who were treated with retroviral vectors [117,118]
Summary
Abstract: Nano-based systems can be used to transport active medicinal products to specific parts of the body. Polymers, micelles, metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, solid lipid nanoparticles, noisomes, and dendrimers are various types of nanoparticles that can be used to deliver drugs and target diseases Drugrelated problems such as low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and off-target delivery can be solved using NDDSs. NDDSs have been used to improve drug stability, to improve distribution time, and to target specific sites in the body [2,3,4]. Other benefits of drug-loaded nanoparticles include improved safety of dosage escalation and increased efficacy and tolerability profiles They can improve solubility and dissolution rates, leading to improved bioavailability [15]. Bottom-up methods include particle build-up liquid antisolvent precipitation (LASP), dissolved molecule precipitation, and supercritical fluid precipitation Melt emulsification is another example of a bottom-up methodology and is used for medicines with low melting points [17]. We discuss the use of vaccineloaded nanoparticles in the prevention of COVID-19
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