Abstract
It is well known that expenditure on R & D has increased significantly in the post-war period and is still growing.2 It has been concentrated in a few advanced countries, with the USA ahead of the rest of the world.3 Much R & D is government-funded, but it is mainly the big private enterprises, and especially TNCs, that take advantage of the inventions.4 In other words, the world market for the most modern and sophisticated technology is oligopolistic, if not monopolistic, with all the implied consequences for the supply/demand mechanism. The international transfer of technology is dominated entirely by the TNCs, which may compete with one another, but can impose terms on the less advanced countries (LACs) and their governments, who are the most common partners in such transfers.
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