Abstract
Inverted organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have been studied due to the low stability in conventional structure. For the inverted OPVs, insertion of electron transport layer (ETL) between the photoactive layer and cathode is essential to improve the power conversion efficiency ,and the metal oxide (e.g. ZnO) and conjugated polyelectrolyte have been widely used . In most studies, optimization and mechanism analysis have been focused under AM 1.5 sun condition. However, the working mechanism of OPVs varies depending on the light intensity, and thereby further understanding on the function of ETL needs to optimize OPVs performance under low-intensity light including indoor conditions. In this study we demonstrate that ZnO provides better performance as well as reproducibility compared with a conjugated polyelectrolyte ETL regardless of the light intensity. In addition, appropriate ETL material should afford excellent charge selectivity and effective coverage of the bottom ITO surface to prevent shunt site formation, which enables the development of highly efficient OPVs under low-intensity light including indoor conditions.
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