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Abstract
X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) have provided scientists opportunities to study matter with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions. However, access to the attosecond domain (i.e., below 1 femtosecond) remains elusive. Herein, a time-dependent experimental concept is theorized, allowing us to track ultrafast processes in matter with sub-fs resolution. The proposed X-ray chronoscopy approach exploits the state-of-the-art developments in terahertz streaking to measure the time structure of X-ray pulses with ultrahigh temporal resolution. The sub-femtosecond dynamics of the saturable X-ray absorption process is simulated. The employed rate equation model confirms that the X-ray-induced mechanisms leading to X-ray transparency can be probed via measurement of an X-ray pulse time structure.
Highlights
Since the first discovery of X-rays, the field of X-ray studies has undergone a dramatic evolution, with new achievements and technological improvements
X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) have made available ultrashort X-ray pulses with peak brilliance, vastly exceeding those produced on third-generation light sources [7,8]
THz and infrared streaking experiments have been used for nearly two decades to measure the temporal and spatial structure of high-harmonic generated (HHG) EUV
Summary
Since the first discovery of X-rays, the field of X-ray studies has undergone a dramatic evolution, with new achievements and technological improvements. The first THz setup is used to determine time distribution of the incident pulse (I0 (0t)t measurement), and the second one provides a measure of time distribution of X-ray pulse after inmeasurement), and the second one provides a measure of time distribution of X-ray pulse after teraction with the sample (I1 t measurement). Both spectrometers work in shot-to-shot mode, givinteraction with the sample (I1 (t) measurement).
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