Abstract

Progress made in peptide-based vaccinations to induce T-cell-dependent immune responses against cancer has invigorated the search for optimal vaccine modalities. Design of new vaccine strategies intrinsically depends on the knowledge of antigen handling and optimal epitope presentation in both major histocompatibility complex class I and -II molecules by professional antigen-presenting cells to induce robust CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses. Although there is a steady increase in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms that bridges innate and adaptive immunology, many questions remain to be answered. Moreover, we are in the early stage of exploiting this knowledge to clinical advantage. Several adaptations of peptide-based vaccines like peptide-adjuvant conjugates have been explored and showed beneficial outcomes in preclinical models; but in the clinical trials conducted so far, mixed results were obtained. A major limiting factor to unravel antigen handling mechanistically is the lack of tools to efficiently track peptide vaccines at the molecular and (sub)cellular level. In this mini-review, we will discuss options to develop molecular tools for improving, as well as studying, peptide-based vaccines.

Highlights

  • Approaches to Improve Chemically Defined Synthetic Peptide VaccinesHos 1, Elena Tondini 1, Sander I. van Kasteren 2 and Ferry Ossendorp 1*

  • Recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy of cancer have unveiled that clinical responses correlate with activation and expansion of tumor-specific T lymphocytes that mostly target mutation-based neo-antigens [1,2,3,4,5,6]

  • Tissue originating cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) were shown to be required to migrate from the tumor microenvironment (TME), loaded with antigens from the tumor, toward the draining lymph node, to induce CD8 T cell-dependent delay of tumor outgrowth

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Summary

Approaches to Improve Chemically Defined Synthetic Peptide Vaccines

Hos 1, Elena Tondini 1, Sander I. van Kasteren 2 and Ferry Ossendorp 1*. Edited by: Piergiuseppe De Berardinis, Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine (CNR), Italy. Reviewed by: Peter Cresswell, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, United States Else Marit Inderberg, Oslo University Hospital, Norway. Specialty section: This article was submitted to Molecular Innate Immunity, a section of the journal

Frontiers in Immunology
INTRODUCTION
Approaches to Improve Peptide Vaccines
PEPTIDE VACCINATION HISTORY
MODULATING THE VACCINE RESPONSE
NOVEL CHEMICAL VISUALIZATION TOOLS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
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