Abstract
Surface waters and their catchments provide societal benefits through cultural ecosystem services like recreation and appreciation of nature. The supply of cultural services depends on landscape characteristics like the extent of forested area, water clarity and the intensity of land use. These attributes vary spatially and will likely be influenced by a possible transition to a bioeconomy, i.e. a shift towards more use of renewable, biological resources like forestry products. Using a discrete choice experiment, we quantified survey respondents’ preferences and willingness to pay for changing landscape attributes in six Nordic catchments and explored how different characteristics of both the landscape and respondents affect these preferences. Results from a mixed logit (MXL) model analysis show preference for a more equal distribution of agriculture and forest, improved water clarity, increased area used for nature reserves, reduced flood frequency and increased employment from agriculture, forestry and fishery. Variation in preferences between study areas is significant in several of these attributes, and likely linked to respondent characteristics. Since these attributes can be affected by the transition to a bioeconomy, policy makers should take into account the effects of this transition on the supply of cultural services by considering the effects on welfare generated by cultural services when implementing land management policy.
Highlights
The ecosystem services framework views ecosystems from an anthropocentric perspective, in which the key variables are the quan tified benefits that society derives from the existence of ecosystems
This study draws on extensive data from four different countries and shows that across our Nordic study sites, respondents benefitting from cultural ecosystem services have clear preference for a more equal dis tribution of agriculture and forest, improved water clarity, increased area used for nature reserves, reduced flood risk and increased employment from agriculture, forestry and fishery
If Nordic societies transition toward a bioeconomy, this can affect the landscape attributes that we studied and that contribute to the supply of cultural ecosystem services
Summary
The ecosystem services framework views ecosystems from an anthropocentric perspective, in which the key variables are the quan tified benefits that society derives from the existence of ecosystems. Cultural services are widely recognised as providing a significant contribution of total ecosystem services value (Brander et al, 2006; Daniel et al, 2012). They are possibly the services that are most widely recognised by the general public (Larson et al, 2016), making them especially important for policy making with an interest in public perception
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