Appraisal of rock–water interaction and frailty of groundwater to corrosion and salinization, northwestern Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Abstract

AbstractFrom 12 groundwater samples taken in Egypt's northwestern Suez Gulf, it can be concluded that the water is not suitable for drinking or irrigation purposes. The water is highly mineralized, has extreme hardness, and is very saline, with salinity levels above 3000 ppm. The dominant ions in the water samples are Cl, Na, SO4, and HCO3, and there are two distinct water types: SO4. Ca–Cl (90%), and SO4. Na-Cl (10%). The research also revealed that three wells had become salinized due to dominant ions from sewage water recharge and seawater invasion. The water samples were found to be oversaturated with carbonate, silicate, iron oxide, and evaporite mineral dissolution, which could be harmful to human health. The water was found to exhibit ion exchange, where alkaline earth's (Ca + Mg) ions associated with solids and alkalis' ions (Na + K) in water samples exchange ions. The water was also found to have a high propensity for corrosion, making it unsafe to move groundwater over long distances. The excessive salinity of the water in the research area also makes it undesirable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Overall, the research findings suggest that measures need to be taken to ensure the safety of the groundwater in the area and prevent further contamination. The findings also highlight the importance of regular monitoring and testing of groundwater to ensure that it meets safe levels for human consumption and agricultural use.