Abstract
Nitrogen-doped and undoped titanium dioxide nanoparticles were successfully fabricated by simple chemical method and characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The reduction in crystalline size of TiO2 nanoparticles (from 20–25 nm to 10–15 nm) was observed by TEM after doping with N. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, protein kinase inhibition and cytotoxic properties were assessed in vitro to compare the therapeutic potential of both kinds of TiO2 nanoparticles. All biological activities depicted significant enhancement as a result of addition of N as doping agent to TiO2 nanoparticles. Klebsiella pneumoniae has been illuminated to be the most susceptible bacterial strain out of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates of bacteria used in this study. Good fungicidal activity has been revealed against Aspergillus flavus. 38.2% of antidiabetic activity and 80% of cytotoxicity has been elucidated by N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles towards alpha-amylase enzyme and Artemia salina (brine shrimps), respectively. Moreover, notable protein kinase inhibition against Streptomyces and antioxidant effect including reducing power and % inhibition of DPPH has been demonstrated. This investigation unveils the more effective nature of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles in comparison to undoped TiO2 nanoparticles indicated by various biological tests. Hence, N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have more potential to be employed in biomedicine for the cure of numerous infections.
Highlights
Biomedical applications of metallic oxide nanoparticles are recently considered an interesting avenue of research regarding nano-biotechnology
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data confirmed the nanocrystalline structure of TiO2 nanoparticles and N-doped TiO2
TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a facile chemical method of co-precipitation
Summary
Biomedical applications of metallic oxide nanoparticles are recently considered an interesting avenue of research regarding nano-biotechnology. Co-precipitation is the most adaptive method for preparation of metallic oxide nanoparticles because of its reproducibility and cheapness [3]. Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles have been vastly synthesized by different chemical routes. Doping prevents aggregation between nanoparticles leading to their stability, longevity as well as Molecules 2019, 24, 3916; doi:10.3390/molecules24213916 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Molecules 2019, 24, x prevents aggregation between nanoparticles leading to their stability, longevity as well as intensified reactivity [4]. TiO2 nanoparticles have been doped with Ni, Cu, Fe, Mo, N and other metals using hydrolysis, precipitation, sol-gel and other methods for fabrication in the past [5–
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